【大公網訊】如今，我們的生活方式、尤其是溝通交流方式，正透過網路悄悄變化著。就在網路邁入第15個年頭的今天，美國媒體評選出影響世界最多的15個網站，透過這些網站我們看到整個互聯網的發展，看到人類擁有網路後生活的變革歷程。
第一筆買賣是鐳射指針
1.eBay.com這個創建於1995年的網站已擁有16億用戶，成為世界上首屈一指的拍賣網站，在這里，除了違禁品，其他的大都可以輕鬆買到。
eBay的誕生要感謝其創始人皮埃爾馬的未婚妻。當初未婚妻擔心搬到硅谷後無法繼續收集小玩意了。因此他建了個大型拍賣網站，希望所有人都能不出門買到東西。他用自己第一家諮詢公司的名字為這個網站命名，而他第一份成交的商品則是一個鐳射指針。
一切就從這個鐳射指針開始改變，人們開始在eBay或者其他拍賣網站上閒逛，尋找自己心儀的物品。僅在英國，eBay就有1億會員，它已不再是二手商品交易網站，而成為全球化的銷售網路。更多的人開始陶醉於在eBay推銷銷售商品，甚至有人辭去了工作，專職eBay。
小鎮里出來的「百科全書」
2.Wikipedia.com作為世界上首個百科全書網站，Wikipedia的日訪問人數已經達到了91萬人次，它的存在讓很多人可以在最短時間內找到想要的答案，開了網路百科全書的先河。
傑米·威爾士在美國阿拉巴馬一個小鎮中長大，在那里，太過於落後的封閉環境讓他手上的百科全書總是過時。於是，他在2001年創辦了世界上第一個百科全書網站———Wikipedia.com。在這里，人人都可以閱讀查閱知識，也可以編輯新的條目。透過網路，最新知識在最短時間內被更新，所有人都可以成為知識的傳遞者。
也有人曾對這個網站的知識可靠性提出質疑，威爾士回應道：「完全沒有錯是很難做到的，但是我們絕對會把錯誤降低到最少，一旦出現錯誤，其他瀏覽者一定會迅速糾正的」。
賠付鉅款後東山再起
3.Napster.com作為世上最早出現的音樂分享網站，Napster誕生於1999年。由於其特殊的共用性質，他成為所有15個對世界最有影響的網站中經歷波折最多的網站，但它的出現促進了全世界透過網路交流分享音樂視頻熱潮的出現。
肖·凡寧當初創建這個網站的初衷是為了與同學分享音樂，但在2000年就擁有了超過70萬註冊用戶。不過肖·凡寧也不得不向一些唱片公司支付數百萬美元作為賠償，此舉也使Napster不得不宣佈次年不再免費提供
MP3的下載。次年，新的Napster誕生，轉變成新興的付費性
MP3下載網站。現在，它更成為很多立志成為音樂人的音樂創作者發表作品的首選論壇。
一盤神奇的晚宴錄影
4.Youtube.com相信乍德和史蒂夫沒想到當初為上傳晚宴上有趣錄影而建的網站會產生如此巨大的影響力。這個僅成立一年多的網站已成為了世界上最受歡迎的網站之一，每天都有1億左右的人登陸網站觀看放映。
當然它也引起希望成為電影工作者的人的注意，他們把Youtube視為邁向成功的起點，上傳自己拍攝的電影。大衛·雷瑞在Youtube上發佈的熱門影片使他成為了大型電影公司的制片人。美國電視網NBC還在上周提出了一系列合作計劃。
為發牢騷建博客
5.Blogger.com博客現在已經家喻戶曉，但你們是否知道世界上最早的博客社區？埃文·威廉斯在1999年首先創建了Blogger.com，就是它徹底改變了這個世界。埃文說，「當初我們只想要個交流理論、聊聊生活，發發牢騷的地方。」正是這個平凡的初衷使Blogger.com成為當時極為出名的幾個網站之一。很多人開始加入威廉的網站，開出自己的博客，他們在博客上寫生活經歷，發泄怒氣，甚至有些人開始運用網站發佈新聞。
儘管現在的Blogger也許在很多人心中的地位已遠遠比不過一些其他的博客社區，但不可以否認的是，正是它的出現給我們帶來了這場新的技術革命。
準媽媽的影響力
6.Friendsreunited.com2000年7月，當朱麗亞·潘胡斯特發現自己很想念老朋友時，她的丈夫史蒂夫和同事為她創辦了「Friendsreunited.com」，原因只是為了讓她可以呆在家中和朋友們見面，因為當時她已懷有身孕。
因為美國電台節目《史蒂夫·萊特》不經意的一次播報，這個無名網站一下子成名了。瀏覽量一下從每天50增長到一天數萬。短短一個月內，該網站會員數從3000上升到1.9萬，更多的朋友在這里談論曾經度過的美好時光，了解很久不曾見面的家人的最新情況。
第一個報道克林頓醜聞的網站
7.Drudgereport.comDrudgereport最初是個建於1994年的電子郵件通訊社區，然而今天的它卻已發展成美國最強大的政治媒體。沒人再質疑Drudgereport的影響力，其去年35億美元的盈利更使之成為全美最大的新聞媒體之一。
在傳統媒體控制新聞的現狀下，Drudgereport首先打破了這種局面。起創始人馬特·多奇選擇透過網路發表自己看到聽到的一切消息，並把它作為網站的頭條。正是他在1998年率先報道克林頓和萊溫斯基的醜聞，也使網站揚名世界。
歐美年輕人的最愛
8.Myspace.com也許你沒聽說過Mys鄄pace.com，沒關係，因為你生活在中國。但如果你住在美國，那么你就落伍了。
現在美國年輕人結識朋友，不問電話號碼，而是交換彼此的MySpace名字，因為這個網站已成為歐美最出名的交友網站，瀏覽量超過google和yahoo。南加州的一群年輕人是網站最初的發起者，個性化博客及社交功能使其很快成為全球4大熱門網站之一，美國幾乎所有10至20歲的青少年都最愛瀏覽這個網站。連一些議員都注意到這里，因為這里龐大的合法投票者。
全世界最大的網上書店
9.Amazon.com很多人都同意世界上最大的書店是卡達布萊，但傑弗卻持不同觀點。他認為世界上最大的書店應該是他自己在1994年創建的大型購物網路亞馬遜。他認為亞馬遜的存在已經慢慢取代了固定的書店或者百貨公司，其影響也一定會隨著網路的日漸壯大而變得更巨大。
現在亞馬遜已經獲得了250個地區的超過350萬的客戶，而這些人選擇亞馬遜的最大原因就在於它低廉的價格以及良好的聲譽。有人說，就算在這里買到是舊書，你也會覺得物有所值。
喜歡電腦硬體的「傻瓜」
10.Slashdot.org「我只是一個喜歡研究電腦硬體的傻瓜罷了！」羅伯·馬拉達如此評價自己。他所創立的網站Slashdot.org卻是世界上最權威的提供電腦硬體和相關配件消息的網站之一，更是同類網站中訪問流量最大的網站。他自己更被《時代》評為世界100大企業家之一。
他首先選擇在網站上刊登使用者的體驗文章，並且將這些文章與Google做鏈結。在同類網站中，他總是最快刊登有關電腦設備軟體的消息和新聞。
2000年，Slashdot.org首先刊登了關於美國政府對於微軟的裁決，也因此使他的網站成為同類網站中最具有權威的網站。
11.Salon.com也許很多人沒聽過沙龍網的名字，但它在美國網路的地位卻不容小看。1994年，《舊金山觀察者》一些記者在主編大衛的帶領下創辦起了沙龍網。開始，沙龍只討論書籍，但漸漸有更多的編輯記者加入。於是沙龍開始打造頑皮但又嚴謹的新聞。它還在網上建立讀者和媒體的新關係，提倡讀者加入討論、寫自己的故事。
12.Craigslist.orgCraigslist的工作很簡單，但它卻擁有極大的力量。作為中央在線網路社區，它負責提供分類廣告以及免費論壇。但正是這些免費的廣告和論壇，讓
Craigslist.org獲得了最大成功。漂亮簡單的公告讓大家在最短時間內找到自己想要的。你想要租公寓？要賣汽車？要找份工作?你只要登錄Craigslist.org就能獲得答案。Craigslist結束了報紙壟斷廣告的現象，也使更多人注意網路廣告市場。
13.Google.com成立於1998年的谷歌已是世界上最大的網路搜索引擎之一，Google被作為動詞列入《牛津英語詞典》。
14.Yahoo.comYahoo每天吸引3.4萬人點擊，成為世界上點擊最為頻繁的網站，但是近年來，由於Google的存在，其瀏覽量有一定下滑，但它仍是世界上最受歡迎的搜索引擎網站之一。
15.Easyjet.com1995年，史戴利為去歐洲看足球比賽而向父親借錢買了第一張機票後，他開始販買二手船票和機票。隨後，他創辦了Easyjet.com，在網路上販賣低成本的航空機票，儘管並沒取得立竿見影的效果，但隨著網路購物的日漸普及化，更多的人開始注意到這個網站，人們開始透過這個網站訂購機票。而截至去年，它已擁有300萬客戶。
來源：新聞晚報
Sunday, August 27, 2006
Thursday, August 24, 2006
Friday, August 18, 2006
The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/from/ET/
The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities
Web Exclusive
Newsweek International
Aug. 13, 2006 - In response to the same forces that have propelled the world economy toward global integration, universities have also become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire spec trum of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an inter connected world and collaborative research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity. To capture these developments, NEWSWEEK devised a ranking of global universities that takes into account openness and diversity, as well as distinction in research.
We evaluated schools on some of the measures used in well-known rankings published by Shanghai Jiaotong University and the Times of London Higher Education Survey. Fifty percent of the score came from equal parts of three measures used by Shanghai Jiatong: the number of highly-cited researchers in various academic fields, the number of articles published in Nature and Science, and the number of articles listed in the ISI Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities indices. Another 40 percent of the score came from equal parts of four measures used by the Times: the percentage of international faculty, the percentage of international students, citations per faculty member (using ISI data), and the ratio of faculty to students. The final 10 percent came from library holdings (number of volumes).
Here is our ranking:
1. Harvard University
2. Stanford University
3. Yale University
4. California Institute of Technology
5. University of California at Berkeley
6. University of Cambridge
7. Massachusetts Institute Technology
8. Oxford University
9. University of California at San Francisco
10. Columbia University
11. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
12. University of California at Los Angeles
13. University of Pennsylvania
14. Duke University
15. Princeton Universitty
16. Tokyo University
17. Imperial College London
18. University of Toronto
19. Cornell University
20. University of Chicago
21. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich
22. University of Washington at Seattle
23. University of California at San Diego
24. Johns Hopkins University
25. University College London
26. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne
27. University Texas at Austin
28. University of Wisconsin at Madison
29. Kyoto University
30. University of Minnesota Twin Cities
31. University of British Columbia
32. University of Geneva
33. Washington University in St. Louis
34. London School of Economics
35. Northwestern University
36. National University of Singapore
37. University of Pittsburgh
38. Australian National University
39. New York University
40. Pennsylvania State University
41. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
42. McGill University
43. Ecole Polytechnique
44. University of Basel
45. University of Maryland
46. University of Zurich
47. University of Edinburgh
48. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
49. University of Bristol
50. University of Sydney
51. University of Colorado at Boulder
52. Utrecht University
53. University of Melbourne
54. University of Southern California
55. University of Alberta
56. Brown University
57. Osaka University
58. University of Manchester
59. University of California at Santa Barbara
60. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
61. Wageningen University
62. Michigan State University
63. University of Munich
64. University of New South Wales
65. Boston University
66. Vanderbilt University
67. University of Rochester
68. Tohoku University
69. University of Hong Kong
70. University of Sheffield
71. Nanyang Technological University
72. University of Vienna
73. Monash University
74. University of Nottingham
75. Carnegie Mellon University
76. Lund University
77. Texas A&M University
78. University of Western Australia
79. Ecole Normale Super Paris
80. University of Virginia
81. Technical University of Munich
82. Hebrew University of Jerusalem
83. Leiden University
84. University of Waterloo
85. King's College London
86. Purdue University
87. University of Birmingham
88. Uppsala University
89. University of Amsterdam
90. University of Heidelberg
91. University of Queensland
92. University of Leuven
93. Emory University
94. Nagoya University
95. Case Western Reserve University
96. Chinese University of Hong Kong
97. University of Newcastle
98. Innsbruck University
99. University of Massachusetts at Amherst
100. Sussex University
© 2006 Newsweek, Inc.
The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities
Web Exclusive
Newsweek International
Aug. 13, 2006 - In response to the same forces that have propelled the world economy toward global integration, universities have also become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire spec trum of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an inter connected world and collaborative research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity. To capture these developments, NEWSWEEK devised a ranking of global universities that takes into account openness and diversity, as well as distinction in research.
We evaluated schools on some of the measures used in well-known rankings published by Shanghai Jiaotong University and the Times of London Higher Education Survey. Fifty percent of the score came from equal parts of three measures used by Shanghai Jiatong: the number of highly-cited researchers in various academic fields, the number of articles published in Nature and Science, and the number of articles listed in the ISI Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities indices. Another 40 percent of the score came from equal parts of four measures used by the Times: the percentage of international faculty, the percentage of international students, citations per faculty member (using ISI data), and the ratio of faculty to students. The final 10 percent came from library holdings (number of volumes).
Here is our ranking:
1. Harvard University
2. Stanford University
3. Yale University
4. California Institute of Technology
5. University of California at Berkeley
6. University of Cambridge
7. Massachusetts Institute Technology
8. Oxford University
9. University of California at San Francisco
10. Columbia University
11. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
12. University of California at Los Angeles
13. University of Pennsylvania
14. Duke University
15. Princeton Universitty
16. Tokyo University
17. Imperial College London
18. University of Toronto
19. Cornell University
20. University of Chicago
21. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich
22. University of Washington at Seattle
23. University of California at San Diego
24. Johns Hopkins University
25. University College London
26. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne
27. University Texas at Austin
28. University of Wisconsin at Madison
29. Kyoto University
30. University of Minnesota Twin Cities
31. University of British Columbia
32. University of Geneva
33. Washington University in St. Louis
34. London School of Economics
35. Northwestern University
36. National University of Singapore
37. University of Pittsburgh
38. Australian National University
39. New York University
40. Pennsylvania State University
41. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
42. McGill University
43. Ecole Polytechnique
44. University of Basel
45. University of Maryland
46. University of Zurich
47. University of Edinburgh
48. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
49. University of Bristol
50. University of Sydney
51. University of Colorado at Boulder
52. Utrecht University
53. University of Melbourne
54. University of Southern California
55. University of Alberta
56. Brown University
57. Osaka University
58. University of Manchester
59. University of California at Santa Barbara
60. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
61. Wageningen University
62. Michigan State University
63. University of Munich
64. University of New South Wales
65. Boston University
66. Vanderbilt University
67. University of Rochester
68. Tohoku University
69. University of Hong Kong
70. University of Sheffield
71. Nanyang Technological University
72. University of Vienna
73. Monash University
74. University of Nottingham
75. Carnegie Mellon University
76. Lund University
77. Texas A&M University
78. University of Western Australia
79. Ecole Normale Super Paris
80. University of Virginia
81. Technical University of Munich
82. Hebrew University of Jerusalem
83. Leiden University
84. University of Waterloo
85. King's College London
86. Purdue University
87. University of Birmingham
88. Uppsala University
89. University of Amsterdam
90. University of Heidelberg
91. University of Queensland
92. University of Leuven
93. Emory University
94. Nagoya University
95. Case Western Reserve University
96. Chinese University of Hong Kong
97. University of Newcastle
98. Innsbruck University
99. University of Massachusetts at Amherst
100. Sussex University
© 2006 Newsweek, Inc.
Thursday, August 17, 2006
健康关注"暑湿之毒"----赤日炎炎话排毒
夏季天气炎热，暑热难耐．许多人会出现头晕、头痛、神疲乏力、少气懒言、食欲不振、烦躁不安、胸闷、臭汗、小便不利、大便不爽等症状。还有些人到了夏季经常会出现胃肠不适、腹胀、腹泻等。这到底是什么原因造成的呢?前者是由于夏季的气候特点所引起；后者是由于吃了不洁净的食物所导致。那么夏季气候是如何影响人体的，又应采取什么办法来预防呢?
中医认为“夏季暑当令，暑多夹湿”也就是说夏季的气候特点是暑热。加上空气潮湿，人们往往觉得暑热难耐，所以夏季对人体影响最重要的因素是“暑湿之毒”。如果“暑湿之毒”侵入人体，对人体各个脏腑功能的影响非常大。因为“暑湿之毒严容易耗损人体的津液，耗伤人体的正气。“暑湿之毒”侵入人体会导致毛孔张开而过多的出汗，出汗过多就会耗损人体的津液。津液亏损太多的话，正气也就会随着津液而损失。若超过生理的代偿限度，就必然会导致气虚以及机体抵抗力的下降；“暑湿之毒”还会导致气机的升降失常。所以人体就会出现头晕目眩、神疲乏力、少气懒言、心烦意乱等症状。
中医认为“脾主运化，喜燥而恶湿，胃主受纳腐熟，喜润而恶燥．脾主升清。胃主降浊。脾升胃降，燥湿相济，共同完成饮食物的消化吸收与输布”，如果“暑湿之毒”侵入人体，就会导致脾胃功能失调，脾胃功能失调，饮食物就不易被人体利用，存于体内过久。就会酝酿成毒，损伤脾胃，脾胃功能受损又很容易招致外来之毒的侵入。因此人体便会出现食欲不振、胸闷、处汗、臭汗、小便不畅、大便不爽等一些症状。此外，湿为阴毒，如果“湿毒”侵入人体，病程往往缠绵难愈。因此，注重夏季养生是非常重要的。
夏季养生的关键在于调理脾胃，经常排毒，发龙药业生产的排毒养颜宝则具有健脾益肾、通便排毒、补血化瘀、降脂养颜的保健功能。排毒养颜宝配伍严谨、恰当，通过一升一降(如大黄与荷叶)，一补一通(如西洋参与大黄)，通中有补，降中有升，通补结合，升降得宜，使脾胃各司其职，脾胃功能正常了，外湿之毒就难以入侵；另一方面排毒养颜宝通过打通人体的各种排毒管道，把各种“外来之毒，内生之毒”及时排出体外。值得注意的是，夏季人们喜爱吃的生冷瓜果、疏菜往往会受到各种污染(如农药、化学残留成分等)，这些食品虽然经过清洗但总会残留一些有毒物质，有毒物质经过消化道被人体吸收后，会损害人体的各个脏腑器官。排毒养颜宝能把各种外来之毒通过排毒管道排出体外，从而有效地保护机体免受外来之毒的侵害。
中医认为“夏季暑当令，暑多夹湿”也就是说夏季的气候特点是暑热。加上空气潮湿，人们往往觉得暑热难耐，所以夏季对人体影响最重要的因素是“暑湿之毒”。如果“暑湿之毒”侵入人体，对人体各个脏腑功能的影响非常大。因为“暑湿之毒严容易耗损人体的津液，耗伤人体的正气。“暑湿之毒”侵入人体会导致毛孔张开而过多的出汗，出汗过多就会耗损人体的津液。津液亏损太多的话，正气也就会随着津液而损失。若超过生理的代偿限度，就必然会导致气虚以及机体抵抗力的下降；“暑湿之毒”还会导致气机的升降失常。所以人体就会出现头晕目眩、神疲乏力、少气懒言、心烦意乱等症状。
中医认为“脾主运化，喜燥而恶湿，胃主受纳腐熟，喜润而恶燥．脾主升清。胃主降浊。脾升胃降，燥湿相济，共同完成饮食物的消化吸收与输布”，如果“暑湿之毒”侵入人体，就会导致脾胃功能失调，脾胃功能失调，饮食物就不易被人体利用，存于体内过久。就会酝酿成毒，损伤脾胃，脾胃功能受损又很容易招致外来之毒的侵入。因此人体便会出现食欲不振、胸闷、处汗、臭汗、小便不畅、大便不爽等一些症状。此外，湿为阴毒，如果“湿毒”侵入人体，病程往往缠绵难愈。因此，注重夏季养生是非常重要的。
夏季养生的关键在于调理脾胃，经常排毒，发龙药业生产的排毒养颜宝则具有健脾益肾、通便排毒、补血化瘀、降脂养颜的保健功能。排毒养颜宝配伍严谨、恰当，通过一升一降(如大黄与荷叶)，一补一通(如西洋参与大黄)，通中有补，降中有升，通补结合，升降得宜，使脾胃各司其职，脾胃功能正常了，外湿之毒就难以入侵；另一方面排毒养颜宝通过打通人体的各种排毒管道，把各种“外来之毒，内生之毒”及时排出体外。值得注意的是，夏季人们喜爱吃的生冷瓜果、疏菜往往会受到各种污染(如农药、化学残留成分等)，这些食品虽然经过清洗但总会残留一些有毒物质，有毒物质经过消化道被人体吸收后，会损害人体的各个脏腑器官。排毒养颜宝能把各种外来之毒通过排毒管道排出体外，从而有效地保护机体免受外来之毒的侵害。
Monday, August 14, 2006
我为何回国？回国糟糕经历和见闻
我为何回国？回国糟糕经历和见闻
丁冬来稿（原题：我为什么回国工作？）
我在国内名牌大学毕业，在美国排名前50的大学取得博士学位。一段时间之后，回到国内西部某大学任职一段时间后，再度返美。现谈谈我自己的想法和感受，与大家评议。
一、回国之前
在美国读博士时，非常用功，4年时间拿到博士学位。但是，拿学位的过程中出了一些对我自己影响很大的风波。做科研用功，然后就是想发表文章。可我的老板能为美国女研究生紧接着撰写和发表两篇论文，而我的论文在他说开始准备的半年之后仍然没有影，我就开始信任自己的英文写作能力，自己撰写论文了。
在再等了两个月后，我就自己将我写的稿子投了出去，当然他是共同作者。可是科研界也是个小圈子，他肯定很快就知道了我私自投稿的事，于是我的奖学金当时就停发了。系里的解释是财务处需要的一个系里的文件给丢了。我几天后，告诉老板我私自投稿的事，他严词教训道：在美国，发文章是由老板来发的。后来，我的工资照领。但是，这件事刺激了我更加努力的工作，目的是尽早拿到博士学位离开这个实验室。但是老板阻扰我本已落后的博士生资格答辩，我就跟其他四个学位委员会的人联系，要求尽早答辩。最后在不愉快的情况下进行了资格答辩，结果是既没有通过，也没有没通过，说要求再写一遍书面报告和再做一次口头答辩。
我急了，回家路上高叫SOB。然后就是将我跟老板那段时间的电子邮件转发给其他学位委员会的人、系主任和研究生院主任。结局是我老板向系主任说，我必须再写一遍和再答辩一遍；另外，如果我能尽快整理好我的数据，写好我的毕业论文，我可以要求在夏季毕业。我通过了第二遍的博士资格答辩，但是博士论文答辩的日期却迟迟定不下来，我发给老板的每个论文章节他都说要改很长时间，夏天他要参加一个两个星期的会议，要呆在家里三个星期，因为他父亲从美国的一个属地来探亲。他给我发回来的文件常打不开，这样我又得求他解决这个技术问题。
在这期间，他在没有通知我的情况下叫一个本科二年级的学生动用了我的研究材料，然后实验室里就有人声称我做的实验结果不能重复。个别学术委员会的人也刁难我，说夏天日程很紧，在夏天毕业截止日期之前没有时间参加答辩，但是截止日期之后的第一天就有时间了。另外一个学术委员会的人说夏天要参加一个一个月的会议，只有在截止日期之前的两天内有时间参加答辩。我就向系主任和研究生院诉苦，这样我的毕业论文答辩时间就设在截止日期的前两天。答辩通过了，我也在夏季获得了博士学位。
紧接着是找工作。在毕业时，还只有一篇较好的发表文章。老板要求我毕业后帮助带学生，但是他说他只有一千美元剩下了。我想起我毕业前的屈辱，就没有理会他的要求。找博士后时，有些地方我写了老板的名字和联系方式作为介绍人，但是有些单位我就没有写老板作介绍人。学术界是个小圈子，很快老板就跟我说，谁谁谁还是找我问起你。
参加了4个级别不一的面试，最后，在毕业后的一个月里，开始了博士后工作。
后来，从博士后老板那儿知道，我博士老板给我写的介绍信用词非常过火，而且歪曲了事实。这让我非常痛恨。于是，在他跟我说要发表我的后续文章却又迟迟不见投稿的情况下，向学校反映我文章发表的问题。研究生院答复说，我老板很忙，但是他相信一年之内，我剩下的5篇文章应该会发表或在投递中。可是，一年过后，就有1篇新发表的文章。再向学校、老板谈起此事，老板说他尽力了，投递第3篇文章时老是退稿，然后又开始说他需要重复我的一些实验，所以要等待。直至现在，3年已过，还有两篇文章在他那儿没有发表，虽然我写的稿子大致按他的评论改了又改。
发这些文章的事直接影响到我在作博士后时的工作情绪。我就向别的实验组要我博士时所做课题的原材料，在博士后实验室里进行了初步的原材料保存工作。这事被博士后老板知道了，很不高兴，我就提出要走。
这次有经历了4次面试，最后去了一个级别很好，但是老板不是大牛的地方，还是当博士后。
想想我的心头疙瘩没有解决，新的老板又不是个大牛，我就赌气，在新地方干了几个月就跟老板说要走，回中国去自己做老板。
但是回国前几个月，虽然没有要到博士老板的介绍信，我还是申请了绿卡。一个月后，I-140通过了。然后就去申请回美纸，一个半月也下来了。这样我就拿着回美纸去中国应聘了。
二、在中国
在回国的转乘飞机过程中，有两个友好的陌生女士帮助了我，因为我带着孩子和一堆东西。但是北京海关我根本不敢恭维。没有特殊通道，我跟他说我带着小孩，并且转机时间非常紧，他还是冷漠的指了指长长的排队末尾。过关时，冷漠的工作人员对我们的证件看了又看，脸也是看了又看。最后还是刚好赶上转乘的飞机，飞机上的服务人员很友善，孩子弄洒了饮料赶紧帮我拿纸擦衣服。
到了目的地机场上空，闻到刺鼻的烧焦东西的味道，还以为是那儿失火了。到达时已是晚上，学校接机的人显得很友善。从机场到学校一个小时的小车路程中，见到的整个是雾蒙蒙，还是那种刺鼻的气味。
到了校园旅馆，一个学院领导在等着。旅馆设置不差。当即一人给一条烟，以表深夜接机的谢意，但令我奇怪的是他们两个都连个谢谢都没有就默默的接了过去。
第二天就开始办手续。工作协议签5年，上面写道要是没有满5年，我得给学校以万元为计量单位的赔偿。我想想在美国过得不顺心，所以就立即签了协议。学院领导在校园内要了一桌接风，在这儿我开始知道学院在校内旅馆有账号，吃了领导签字就行。
三天后，我们住进了三室一厅的零时住房。领导告诉我，这是他通过私人关系才从学校要来的临时住房。空的老房子，地面是厚厚的灰。后来才知道学院里前两天刚派过勤工俭学的学生打扫过。先是学生陪着去买家具，床特贵，从1700元的要价减到1600元买了一个1米2的单人床。当时还真以为卖床的人还友善，后来才知道价格上吃大亏了。
学校给的三室两厅的新的清水房也批了，自己只要交10多万人民币就能买下。可是，到那时才知道，要这房的所谓全产权，我得在该校连续干上8年，并且短短几行的合同上说我不能在该房之外购买或租赁任何房屋，否则学校会将我自掏腰包装修的房子收回，还要对我追究一切所谓的费用。这房到我这次回美国时我都还没动它。
接下来就是到院里上班。因为老校区房子紧张，诺大的新校区还没有完全投入使用，我就跟科研室主任公用一个办公室。因为学校有要求，每个教师每年要完成240个工作量，工作量认定方式繁复，该教研室主任就说将他带的一门本科生必修课下学期交由我去教，我也正好在美国这门课上作了5个学期的教学助理，所以就接了过来。
然后就是跟学院和学校具体谈我的科研待遇。这儿出了不少波折！
招聘备忘录上说的是该学院搬迁到新校区后，我会有自己的独立实验室用房。但是，当我听到不久前来到该学院的一个人的学校启动基金是15万，仪器设备费时45万后，我就立即去问学院领导，为什么我号称也是这个级别的，却启动基金只有5万，并且没有仪器设备费。领导就开始一个一个踢皮球。有说我不是管这一方面的，有说学校给下的钱去年的已经花了，今年的还没拨下，有说你回来前没有跟学校说，学校是不会再给的，我所在教研组的仪器都是我的，我都可以用，还说他有自己的科研经费几百万，我可以先寄居他门下，用他自己的科研经费购买我要买的小仪器。我听了很不满，就找学校，因为我所在教研组的管理混乱，哪个组的读到那儿去用一些基本的一起，用完后没人收拾，很多仪器是摆设，是坏的，再加上本身就没有几件真正能做科研的仪器，倒是这个领导的实验室堆了一大堆仪器。学校的人事处处长跟我说，因为你们学院没有申报你的科研课题，所以学校就统一给5万科研启动费，去年没有报，今年也没有报，并且今年的经费预算已经完成，要是多给我，那就是要从别人的份里拿给我。
当时已近国家自然科学基金申报时限，所以就先集中精力写基金报告。这时候又要教课，所以就跟学院学校领导来回磨。
4，5月份，有教育部的一些基金项目，因为这个大学是教育部直属学校，所以有这样的申报名额，只要被学校申报上去了，一般都会批下来。我跟学院领导说，我也想申报，该领导却说，教育部的这些项目都是面对应用研究的，我做的基础研究不好申请。我不死心，就问学校，得到的答复却是该校的研究绝大部分是基础研究，但是教育部的这个项目因为有名额限制，所以要先跟学院说，先过学院这一关。学院一共有4人申报。一天，勤工俭学的学生突然跑到办公室，说科研副院长叫我下去答辩我的这个申请报告。我很是气愤，因为我马上就要去讲课了，突然通知我答辩，这会是什么样的答辩？到了会场，只有5个学院的领导和学术委员会的人，主管叫我讲一下我要作的科研，我说了3分钟，主管问大家，有问题没有？没任何人发声，主管就叫我走了。过了两天，我给学院另一领导谈起我的学校启动经费问题，该领导还说：面包会有的，你今年的国家自然科学基金和教育部基金说不定就能下来，学校211工程的钱我院会有一大块。我还美滋滋的想，啊，我的项目被学院报到学校了。可是，几天后，我就确切地得知我的项目根本没有过学院这一关。
过了一两个星期，我到学院找我的工资单，赫然发现我的总工资（学校岗位津贴另发）只有一千元左右了。院里有人告诉我，我领的职务工资只是博士后的工资。以前的工资之所以多，是因为有我至今不明的补额。我最近一直追问为什么我的工资没有基本工资、级别工资等栏目，得到的回复是大学是事业单位，不实行公务员工资。然而，一直没有任何人回复我十来遍的提问，到底学校各个级别的职务工资是多少，甚至连这一两天我在美国都上不去该校人事处的网页了。
然后就是报教育部的优秀人才项目。学校6个名额，公开遴选。理科有13个候选人，这个学院占6个。答辩时间10分钟，回答问题时间5分钟。我讲完了，只有一个人提问，问的是：“你说你已经发表了2n片SCI文章，为什么我们手里拿到的材料只有n篇？”我告诉他，确实是2n篇。最后由另一个校学术委员解了我们两个人的疑问，说：“游戏规则不同。”后来，我查问，学校说用的是学院报上去的老材料。我真不明白为什么是老材料？为什么审核的时候查出来跟我申请报告上跟档案不一致却没有任何人跟我用任何方式联系询问个为什么？虽然我最后还是通过了学校的推荐并被学校公示，但是我仍然心有余悸，并担心这一次是不是又有人给我个假消息。
我在5月份底从我还在美国的爱人那儿知道，我的绿卡申请到打指模了。加上我前面跟学院学校谈实验室建设的糟糕心情，我决定暑假回美国一趟。
但是我教的课是本科生必修课，学院的惯例是将它安排到放假的前一天考试。在我得知机票在7月份上涨很多的时候，我就要求院里将我课的考试移到考试周的前半段，以便我阅完试卷后赶在6月底走。可是学校和学院没有人答应，说我可以将试卷和答案留下，由别人帮忙阅卷。
说到这个期末考试，也是气不顺。我用的是双语教学，想命全英文的客观题，教学副院长却说，不能全部是客观题，要出一些问答题，因为他们过去有经验教训，学生大面积不及格，难以应付今年教育部对该校的本科教学评估。上课还没结束，学院却要求先每门课要交6套期末考试题和答案，说是由院里审核然后随机抽一套作为考试题；并号称教考分离，也就是说我班考试的试卷表面上是另外一个老师出的题。
我最终还是没有给学院交试卷就在6月底出来了，但是我跟学院的教学秘书说，我回在该门考试前两天给他用电子邮件发过来考试题。
然而，到我准备发考试题的那天，我没有收到学院任何老师的电子邮件，却收到学生的告急电子邮件，说学院要用另外一个老师的题。我马上打电话给学院领导，领导很友善的说，你别管了，我们会搞好的。我说不行，我带的班，在考试前两天突然宣布换题，教我班学生如何考？该领导就说，我听说你出的题既不是100分，又不是期末考试的70分，是75分，不符合规则。我说我出的就是70分的题，你听谁说的75分？最后学院同意用我出的全英文全客观题，ABC三卷，同样的题，不同的题序。我没有按他们的要求考试前先给答案。
考完了，却被告知，我在教务处的账号下没有我带的这个班，所以我不能填学生的成绩。我询问问什么学校教务处网上的任课教师信息没有改过来？在我讲课一两周，这门课原来的老师就对我说要到教务处将任课老师的名字改过来，因为期中有教学评议。我到教学副院长那儿说这事，他立即打电话跟那个老师核对，忘了跟我说，我叫教学秘书改一下。就改任课老师名字的事，我也跟学校教务处说过，人家的回答是叫学院上报过来，不要越级上报。那想到，期末了，我没有权力登录学生成绩。我跟学校学院说了很多次，到现在我还是没有得到学生的期末考试成绩单，根本别谈什么登录成绩了。
三、回到美国
回到美国后，我还没有开始找在美国的工作，因为还对国内的工作抱有幻想，还对该学校许诺的10万元启动基金、40万元基本仪器费、一台大型仪器费抱有幻想，还对自然科学基金、优秀人才基金抱有幻想，还对美国一些老板的介绍信心存顾虑，但是该学校和学院对我的工资、工作量评定结果、仪器购买方式、学生考试成绩等事没有实际答复等得实在不耐烦了，现在就将我在该校见闻到的事讲给大家听。
国家经费被胡搞。本来基金就少，学院从教育部搞到一个理科基地建设经费后，就被胡搞。当领导的尽量利用这个经费为自己实验室买仪器，说是给全学员共用，实际上，由他的人所谓的管理起来，根本没人会懂得如何用，却硬对要用的说排队等的人很多，过了个把月，等到你了，又告诉你，仪器坏了。这次教育部要评估，肯定见到的是各个仪器登记了一大堆用户名单。说是财务公开，可是到学院年底大会时，只有领导模模糊糊的说了一两分钟学院各个大象的总开支，根本谈不上书面公开和明细材料。学校没钱资助科研，却有钱年底每人发一千元奖金，专门庆祝学校进入211建设行列。
肆意作假。教育部要搞本科教学评估，该校就忙乎一两年的作假。以前马马虎虎批改的试卷老师搬回家重新改；学生不及格多的试卷叫学生重新填一份；平时没有批改的作业老师重新补改；本来由任课老师阅卷或其学生阅卷的期末考试试卷，硬要弄成是其他好几个老师共同阅的卷；今年资产处刚设立本科生创新基金，申请到的每个项目两千元，还没见钱下来，还没见学生做实验，资产处就催要该基金资助的科研成果，只好互相欺骗，从以前做的一些东西、研究生做的一些东西写成是这些本科生做的东西；硕士研究生没有什么条件可以做科研，却一年比一年扩召，因为很多人是自费生，最后的科研论文、毕业论文就是那么写出来的；国内发表文章是你交钱，我给你发到我杂志上的那么个东东，少谈你是如何做的实验，写的什么；该校号称每个老师每个学期都要旁听其他老师的至少8个小时的课，可是到了课堂，这些旁听老师一般根本没在听，完了根本不按要求先写他的意见，而是先要你签字证明他听了课；你要想去听有些老师的课，他们会说别听了，我给你签字，你回去爱写什么写什么；有些老师你去听他的课，他却整堂课没来上课，叫你和学生白等；学生在那种人浮于事的风气下，也不务正业，平时不学，考试作假，该学院要本科毕业生毕业论文中翻译一篇自选英文文献，我见了三四个翻译件，几乎没有一个将英文论文的标题翻译对了的，老师只好代劳，但是老师也作假，说大致翻译文章的前面部分就能糊弄过教育部本科评建的人；需要用到你签字的时候，有时候人家根本不让你知道，就代签了你的名字。
欺上霸下。你要找领导办事，他们一般是推委，反正结果是你要不到你该要的东西。你向上面反映，上面要是帮你，到时候下面的领导会向你要功劳和苦劳，说是他们向上面跟你要的。平时说话，总是带着暗示：要听我领导，要么我说怎么就怎么，要么就给我好处我给你办办。一般说来，越过学院这一级，领导们是不根本不理你的，别管你是从哪儿国家哪个学校来的。学院的领导有事要通知你，一般是不给你直接联系，而是由他的学生或者勤工俭学的学生间接通知你，时不时转递一点根本没有兑现力但更可能是刺激力的话。领导们完成不了的翻译工作，就叫小伙计来找你。
互相排斥。同行人一般是尽力排斥，给你设置各种障碍，我听到这个人说那个人的坏话，那个人说这个人的坏话，可想而知，有多少人在背后指点我。
假科研。很多仪器是闲置。数据胡编。号称学院有外籍、外校兼职教授，我是没见过这些人来过，没听到任何真正的科研交流。有一次，从荷兰来了一个访问团，其他老师是前面一天的晚上才知道的，我是第二天早上才知道的，可就是这样，学院里还说，人家早上9点开始。交流中，没有一个领导到场。后来问到是谁组织的，听说是科研副院长。另外，听学生说，有一个美国来的教育系的教授被邀请到学院演讲，他对大家说美国学生也是作弊盛行，我听这个学生说后立即反驳。
掂量来，掂量去，我不管在美国的原老板们在介绍信里如何说，也不管我在国内这个大学的工作能否保得住，我是先一吐为快。听者可以是仁者见仁，智者见智，我暴露了自己的经历，希望你们发表你们的看法，让大家来讨论该不该回国工作。
丁冬来稿（原题：我为什么回国工作？）
我在国内名牌大学毕业，在美国排名前50的大学取得博士学位。一段时间之后，回到国内西部某大学任职一段时间后，再度返美。现谈谈我自己的想法和感受，与大家评议。
一、回国之前
在美国读博士时，非常用功，4年时间拿到博士学位。但是，拿学位的过程中出了一些对我自己影响很大的风波。做科研用功，然后就是想发表文章。可我的老板能为美国女研究生紧接着撰写和发表两篇论文，而我的论文在他说开始准备的半年之后仍然没有影，我就开始信任自己的英文写作能力，自己撰写论文了。
在再等了两个月后，我就自己将我写的稿子投了出去，当然他是共同作者。可是科研界也是个小圈子，他肯定很快就知道了我私自投稿的事，于是我的奖学金当时就停发了。系里的解释是财务处需要的一个系里的文件给丢了。我几天后，告诉老板我私自投稿的事，他严词教训道：在美国，发文章是由老板来发的。后来，我的工资照领。但是，这件事刺激了我更加努力的工作，目的是尽早拿到博士学位离开这个实验室。但是老板阻扰我本已落后的博士生资格答辩，我就跟其他四个学位委员会的人联系，要求尽早答辩。最后在不愉快的情况下进行了资格答辩，结果是既没有通过，也没有没通过，说要求再写一遍书面报告和再做一次口头答辩。
我急了，回家路上高叫SOB。然后就是将我跟老板那段时间的电子邮件转发给其他学位委员会的人、系主任和研究生院主任。结局是我老板向系主任说，我必须再写一遍和再答辩一遍；另外，如果我能尽快整理好我的数据，写好我的毕业论文，我可以要求在夏季毕业。我通过了第二遍的博士资格答辩，但是博士论文答辩的日期却迟迟定不下来，我发给老板的每个论文章节他都说要改很长时间，夏天他要参加一个两个星期的会议，要呆在家里三个星期，因为他父亲从美国的一个属地来探亲。他给我发回来的文件常打不开，这样我又得求他解决这个技术问题。
在这期间，他在没有通知我的情况下叫一个本科二年级的学生动用了我的研究材料，然后实验室里就有人声称我做的实验结果不能重复。个别学术委员会的人也刁难我，说夏天日程很紧，在夏天毕业截止日期之前没有时间参加答辩，但是截止日期之后的第一天就有时间了。另外一个学术委员会的人说夏天要参加一个一个月的会议，只有在截止日期之前的两天内有时间参加答辩。我就向系主任和研究生院诉苦，这样我的毕业论文答辩时间就设在截止日期的前两天。答辩通过了，我也在夏季获得了博士学位。
紧接着是找工作。在毕业时，还只有一篇较好的发表文章。老板要求我毕业后帮助带学生，但是他说他只有一千美元剩下了。我想起我毕业前的屈辱，就没有理会他的要求。找博士后时，有些地方我写了老板的名字和联系方式作为介绍人，但是有些单位我就没有写老板作介绍人。学术界是个小圈子，很快老板就跟我说，谁谁谁还是找我问起你。
参加了4个级别不一的面试，最后，在毕业后的一个月里，开始了博士后工作。
后来，从博士后老板那儿知道，我博士老板给我写的介绍信用词非常过火，而且歪曲了事实。这让我非常痛恨。于是，在他跟我说要发表我的后续文章却又迟迟不见投稿的情况下，向学校反映我文章发表的问题。研究生院答复说，我老板很忙，但是他相信一年之内，我剩下的5篇文章应该会发表或在投递中。可是，一年过后，就有1篇新发表的文章。再向学校、老板谈起此事，老板说他尽力了，投递第3篇文章时老是退稿，然后又开始说他需要重复我的一些实验，所以要等待。直至现在，3年已过，还有两篇文章在他那儿没有发表，虽然我写的稿子大致按他的评论改了又改。
发这些文章的事直接影响到我在作博士后时的工作情绪。我就向别的实验组要我博士时所做课题的原材料，在博士后实验室里进行了初步的原材料保存工作。这事被博士后老板知道了，很不高兴，我就提出要走。
这次有经历了4次面试，最后去了一个级别很好，但是老板不是大牛的地方，还是当博士后。
想想我的心头疙瘩没有解决，新的老板又不是个大牛，我就赌气，在新地方干了几个月就跟老板说要走，回中国去自己做老板。
但是回国前几个月，虽然没有要到博士老板的介绍信，我还是申请了绿卡。一个月后，I-140通过了。然后就去申请回美纸，一个半月也下来了。这样我就拿着回美纸去中国应聘了。
二、在中国
在回国的转乘飞机过程中，有两个友好的陌生女士帮助了我，因为我带着孩子和一堆东西。但是北京海关我根本不敢恭维。没有特殊通道，我跟他说我带着小孩，并且转机时间非常紧，他还是冷漠的指了指长长的排队末尾。过关时，冷漠的工作人员对我们的证件看了又看，脸也是看了又看。最后还是刚好赶上转乘的飞机，飞机上的服务人员很友善，孩子弄洒了饮料赶紧帮我拿纸擦衣服。
到了目的地机场上空，闻到刺鼻的烧焦东西的味道，还以为是那儿失火了。到达时已是晚上，学校接机的人显得很友善。从机场到学校一个小时的小车路程中，见到的整个是雾蒙蒙，还是那种刺鼻的气味。
到了校园旅馆，一个学院领导在等着。旅馆设置不差。当即一人给一条烟，以表深夜接机的谢意，但令我奇怪的是他们两个都连个谢谢都没有就默默的接了过去。
第二天就开始办手续。工作协议签5年，上面写道要是没有满5年，我得给学校以万元为计量单位的赔偿。我想想在美国过得不顺心，所以就立即签了协议。学院领导在校园内要了一桌接风，在这儿我开始知道学院在校内旅馆有账号，吃了领导签字就行。
三天后，我们住进了三室一厅的零时住房。领导告诉我，这是他通过私人关系才从学校要来的临时住房。空的老房子，地面是厚厚的灰。后来才知道学院里前两天刚派过勤工俭学的学生打扫过。先是学生陪着去买家具，床特贵，从1700元的要价减到1600元买了一个1米2的单人床。当时还真以为卖床的人还友善，后来才知道价格上吃大亏了。
学校给的三室两厅的新的清水房也批了，自己只要交10多万人民币就能买下。可是，到那时才知道，要这房的所谓全产权，我得在该校连续干上8年，并且短短几行的合同上说我不能在该房之外购买或租赁任何房屋，否则学校会将我自掏腰包装修的房子收回，还要对我追究一切所谓的费用。这房到我这次回美国时我都还没动它。
接下来就是到院里上班。因为老校区房子紧张，诺大的新校区还没有完全投入使用，我就跟科研室主任公用一个办公室。因为学校有要求，每个教师每年要完成240个工作量，工作量认定方式繁复，该教研室主任就说将他带的一门本科生必修课下学期交由我去教，我也正好在美国这门课上作了5个学期的教学助理，所以就接了过来。
然后就是跟学院和学校具体谈我的科研待遇。这儿出了不少波折！
招聘备忘录上说的是该学院搬迁到新校区后，我会有自己的独立实验室用房。但是，当我听到不久前来到该学院的一个人的学校启动基金是15万，仪器设备费时45万后，我就立即去问学院领导，为什么我号称也是这个级别的，却启动基金只有5万，并且没有仪器设备费。领导就开始一个一个踢皮球。有说我不是管这一方面的，有说学校给下的钱去年的已经花了，今年的还没拨下，有说你回来前没有跟学校说，学校是不会再给的，我所在教研组的仪器都是我的，我都可以用，还说他有自己的科研经费几百万，我可以先寄居他门下，用他自己的科研经费购买我要买的小仪器。我听了很不满，就找学校，因为我所在教研组的管理混乱，哪个组的读到那儿去用一些基本的一起，用完后没人收拾，很多仪器是摆设，是坏的，再加上本身就没有几件真正能做科研的仪器，倒是这个领导的实验室堆了一大堆仪器。学校的人事处处长跟我说，因为你们学院没有申报你的科研课题，所以学校就统一给5万科研启动费，去年没有报，今年也没有报，并且今年的经费预算已经完成，要是多给我，那就是要从别人的份里拿给我。
当时已近国家自然科学基金申报时限，所以就先集中精力写基金报告。这时候又要教课，所以就跟学院学校领导来回磨。
4，5月份，有教育部的一些基金项目，因为这个大学是教育部直属学校，所以有这样的申报名额，只要被学校申报上去了，一般都会批下来。我跟学院领导说，我也想申报，该领导却说，教育部的这些项目都是面对应用研究的，我做的基础研究不好申请。我不死心，就问学校，得到的答复却是该校的研究绝大部分是基础研究，但是教育部的这个项目因为有名额限制，所以要先跟学院说，先过学院这一关。学院一共有4人申报。一天，勤工俭学的学生突然跑到办公室，说科研副院长叫我下去答辩我的这个申请报告。我很是气愤，因为我马上就要去讲课了，突然通知我答辩，这会是什么样的答辩？到了会场，只有5个学院的领导和学术委员会的人，主管叫我讲一下我要作的科研，我说了3分钟，主管问大家，有问题没有？没任何人发声，主管就叫我走了。过了两天，我给学院另一领导谈起我的学校启动经费问题，该领导还说：面包会有的，你今年的国家自然科学基金和教育部基金说不定就能下来，学校211工程的钱我院会有一大块。我还美滋滋的想，啊，我的项目被学院报到学校了。可是，几天后，我就确切地得知我的项目根本没有过学院这一关。
过了一两个星期，我到学院找我的工资单，赫然发现我的总工资（学校岗位津贴另发）只有一千元左右了。院里有人告诉我，我领的职务工资只是博士后的工资。以前的工资之所以多，是因为有我至今不明的补额。我最近一直追问为什么我的工资没有基本工资、级别工资等栏目，得到的回复是大学是事业单位，不实行公务员工资。然而，一直没有任何人回复我十来遍的提问，到底学校各个级别的职务工资是多少，甚至连这一两天我在美国都上不去该校人事处的网页了。
然后就是报教育部的优秀人才项目。学校6个名额，公开遴选。理科有13个候选人，这个学院占6个。答辩时间10分钟，回答问题时间5分钟。我讲完了，只有一个人提问，问的是：“你说你已经发表了2n片SCI文章，为什么我们手里拿到的材料只有n篇？”我告诉他，确实是2n篇。最后由另一个校学术委员解了我们两个人的疑问，说：“游戏规则不同。”后来，我查问，学校说用的是学院报上去的老材料。我真不明白为什么是老材料？为什么审核的时候查出来跟我申请报告上跟档案不一致却没有任何人跟我用任何方式联系询问个为什么？虽然我最后还是通过了学校的推荐并被学校公示，但是我仍然心有余悸，并担心这一次是不是又有人给我个假消息。
我在5月份底从我还在美国的爱人那儿知道，我的绿卡申请到打指模了。加上我前面跟学院学校谈实验室建设的糟糕心情，我决定暑假回美国一趟。
但是我教的课是本科生必修课，学院的惯例是将它安排到放假的前一天考试。在我得知机票在7月份上涨很多的时候，我就要求院里将我课的考试移到考试周的前半段，以便我阅完试卷后赶在6月底走。可是学校和学院没有人答应，说我可以将试卷和答案留下，由别人帮忙阅卷。
说到这个期末考试，也是气不顺。我用的是双语教学，想命全英文的客观题，教学副院长却说，不能全部是客观题，要出一些问答题，因为他们过去有经验教训，学生大面积不及格，难以应付今年教育部对该校的本科教学评估。上课还没结束，学院却要求先每门课要交6套期末考试题和答案，说是由院里审核然后随机抽一套作为考试题；并号称教考分离，也就是说我班考试的试卷表面上是另外一个老师出的题。
我最终还是没有给学院交试卷就在6月底出来了，但是我跟学院的教学秘书说，我回在该门考试前两天给他用电子邮件发过来考试题。
然而，到我准备发考试题的那天，我没有收到学院任何老师的电子邮件，却收到学生的告急电子邮件，说学院要用另外一个老师的题。我马上打电话给学院领导，领导很友善的说，你别管了，我们会搞好的。我说不行，我带的班，在考试前两天突然宣布换题，教我班学生如何考？该领导就说，我听说你出的题既不是100分，又不是期末考试的70分，是75分，不符合规则。我说我出的就是70分的题，你听谁说的75分？最后学院同意用我出的全英文全客观题，ABC三卷，同样的题，不同的题序。我没有按他们的要求考试前先给答案。
考完了，却被告知，我在教务处的账号下没有我带的这个班，所以我不能填学生的成绩。我询问问什么学校教务处网上的任课教师信息没有改过来？在我讲课一两周，这门课原来的老师就对我说要到教务处将任课老师的名字改过来，因为期中有教学评议。我到教学副院长那儿说这事，他立即打电话跟那个老师核对，忘了跟我说，我叫教学秘书改一下。就改任课老师名字的事，我也跟学校教务处说过，人家的回答是叫学院上报过来，不要越级上报。那想到，期末了，我没有权力登录学生成绩。我跟学校学院说了很多次，到现在我还是没有得到学生的期末考试成绩单，根本别谈什么登录成绩了。
三、回到美国
回到美国后，我还没有开始找在美国的工作，因为还对国内的工作抱有幻想，还对该学校许诺的10万元启动基金、40万元基本仪器费、一台大型仪器费抱有幻想，还对自然科学基金、优秀人才基金抱有幻想，还对美国一些老板的介绍信心存顾虑，但是该学校和学院对我的工资、工作量评定结果、仪器购买方式、学生考试成绩等事没有实际答复等得实在不耐烦了，现在就将我在该校见闻到的事讲给大家听。
国家经费被胡搞。本来基金就少，学院从教育部搞到一个理科基地建设经费后，就被胡搞。当领导的尽量利用这个经费为自己实验室买仪器，说是给全学员共用，实际上，由他的人所谓的管理起来，根本没人会懂得如何用，却硬对要用的说排队等的人很多，过了个把月，等到你了，又告诉你，仪器坏了。这次教育部要评估，肯定见到的是各个仪器登记了一大堆用户名单。说是财务公开，可是到学院年底大会时，只有领导模模糊糊的说了一两分钟学院各个大象的总开支，根本谈不上书面公开和明细材料。学校没钱资助科研，却有钱年底每人发一千元奖金，专门庆祝学校进入211建设行列。
肆意作假。教育部要搞本科教学评估，该校就忙乎一两年的作假。以前马马虎虎批改的试卷老师搬回家重新改；学生不及格多的试卷叫学生重新填一份；平时没有批改的作业老师重新补改；本来由任课老师阅卷或其学生阅卷的期末考试试卷，硬要弄成是其他好几个老师共同阅的卷；今年资产处刚设立本科生创新基金，申请到的每个项目两千元，还没见钱下来，还没见学生做实验，资产处就催要该基金资助的科研成果，只好互相欺骗，从以前做的一些东西、研究生做的一些东西写成是这些本科生做的东西；硕士研究生没有什么条件可以做科研，却一年比一年扩召，因为很多人是自费生，最后的科研论文、毕业论文就是那么写出来的；国内发表文章是你交钱，我给你发到我杂志上的那么个东东，少谈你是如何做的实验，写的什么；该校号称每个老师每个学期都要旁听其他老师的至少8个小时的课，可是到了课堂，这些旁听老师一般根本没在听，完了根本不按要求先写他的意见，而是先要你签字证明他听了课；你要想去听有些老师的课，他们会说别听了，我给你签字，你回去爱写什么写什么；有些老师你去听他的课，他却整堂课没来上课，叫你和学生白等；学生在那种人浮于事的风气下，也不务正业，平时不学，考试作假，该学院要本科毕业生毕业论文中翻译一篇自选英文文献，我见了三四个翻译件，几乎没有一个将英文论文的标题翻译对了的，老师只好代劳，但是老师也作假，说大致翻译文章的前面部分就能糊弄过教育部本科评建的人；需要用到你签字的时候，有时候人家根本不让你知道，就代签了你的名字。
欺上霸下。你要找领导办事，他们一般是推委，反正结果是你要不到你该要的东西。你向上面反映，上面要是帮你，到时候下面的领导会向你要功劳和苦劳，说是他们向上面跟你要的。平时说话，总是带着暗示：要听我领导，要么我说怎么就怎么，要么就给我好处我给你办办。一般说来，越过学院这一级，领导们是不根本不理你的，别管你是从哪儿国家哪个学校来的。学院的领导有事要通知你，一般是不给你直接联系，而是由他的学生或者勤工俭学的学生间接通知你，时不时转递一点根本没有兑现力但更可能是刺激力的话。领导们完成不了的翻译工作，就叫小伙计来找你。
互相排斥。同行人一般是尽力排斥，给你设置各种障碍，我听到这个人说那个人的坏话，那个人说这个人的坏话，可想而知，有多少人在背后指点我。
假科研。很多仪器是闲置。数据胡编。号称学院有外籍、外校兼职教授，我是没见过这些人来过，没听到任何真正的科研交流。有一次，从荷兰来了一个访问团，其他老师是前面一天的晚上才知道的，我是第二天早上才知道的，可就是这样，学院里还说，人家早上9点开始。交流中，没有一个领导到场。后来问到是谁组织的，听说是科研副院长。另外，听学生说，有一个美国来的教育系的教授被邀请到学院演讲，他对大家说美国学生也是作弊盛行，我听这个学生说后立即反驳。
掂量来，掂量去，我不管在美国的原老板们在介绍信里如何说，也不管我在国内这个大学的工作能否保得住，我是先一吐为快。听者可以是仁者见仁，智者见智，我暴露了自己的经历，希望你们发表你们的看法，让大家来讨论该不该回国工作。
Thursday, August 10, 2006
NotebookReview.com Forums > Notebook Manufacturers Lenovo / IBM
http://forum.notebookreview.com/forumdisplay.php?f=2
Discuss ThinkPad and other Lenovo notebooks here.
Discuss ThinkPad and other Lenovo notebooks here.
Monday, August 07, 2006
宝丽金群星-《永远的朋友》
http://grm.cdn.hinet.net/xuite/5/d/3/4/13739283/blog_107730/dv/7588544/7588544.asx
宝丽金群星-《永远的朋友》
专辑名称: 永远的朋友
首版出版年份：1989
复黑版出版年份：2005
出版公司：宝丽金 、环球
专辑曲目
01 永远的朋友 - 群星
02 如果你像她 - 甄秀珍
03 散播欢乐散播爱 - 城市少女
04 流行的梦 - 柏安妮
05 你知道我的迷惘 - Beyond
06 在乎与不在乎之间 - 姜鄂/张淘淘
07 风华绝代(合唱)
08 我就在你身边 - 周治平
09 一路顺风 - 草蜢
10 你知道我是爱你的 - 何家劲
11 马路天使 (国) - 达明一派
12 钻与石 - 金素梅/童安格
13 给自己一些 - 李傲梅
14 心愿(合唱)
宝丽金群星-《永远的朋友》
专辑名称: 永远的朋友
首版出版年份：1989
复黑版出版年份：2005
出版公司：宝丽金 、环球
专辑曲目
01 永远的朋友 - 群星
02 如果你像她 - 甄秀珍
03 散播欢乐散播爱 - 城市少女
04 流行的梦 - 柏安妮
05 你知道我的迷惘 - Beyond
06 在乎与不在乎之间 - 姜鄂/张淘淘
07 风华绝代(合唱)
08 我就在你身边 - 周治平
09 一路顺风 - 草蜢
10 你知道我是爱你的 - 何家劲
11 马路天使 (国) - 达明一派
12 钻与石 - 金素梅/童安格
13 给自己一些 - 李傲梅
14 心愿(合唱)
Cook With Honey
http://grm.cdn.hinet.net/xuite/f/5/9/f/13726427/blog_106935/dv/7589287/7589287.wma
Cook With Honey
Valerie Carter (Judy Collins)
Muffin warm and basket brown,
Smiling faces gathered 'round our dinner table
Close together hand-in-hand.
CHORUS:
I always cook with honey, to sweeten up the night;
We always cook with honey, tell me how's your appetite,
For some sweet love? For some sweet love.
Finding favor with your neighbor, well it can be so fine;
And it's easier than pie to be kind.
We've been searching for so long,
And now our house is turned into a home.
CHORUS:
Well our door is always open, and there's surely room for more;
'Cause cooking where there's good love is never any chore.
So come and get to know us, there'll be a place set just for you;
And sweet wine before dinner, that'll surely soothe.
CHORUS:
For Some sweet love, for some sweet love. [repeat 4x]
Cook With Honey
Valerie Carter (Judy Collins)
Muffin warm and basket brown,
Smiling faces gathered 'round our dinner table
Close together hand-in-hand.
CHORUS:
I always cook with honey, to sweeten up the night;
We always cook with honey, tell me how's your appetite,
For some sweet love? For some sweet love.
Finding favor with your neighbor, well it can be so fine;
And it's easier than pie to be kind.
We've been searching for so long,
And now our house is turned into a home.
CHORUS:
Well our door is always open, and there's surely room for more;
'Cause cooking where there's good love is never any chore.
So come and get to know us, there'll be a place set just for you;
And sweet wine before dinner, that'll surely soothe.
CHORUS:
For Some sweet love, for some sweet love. [repeat 4x]
Sunday, August 06, 2006
「李連杰」病毒肆虐網絡
「李連杰」病毒肆虐網絡[10:46]
一個假借國際電影明星「李連杰」之名的病毒，會竊取用戶銀行卡帳號等隱私信息，並發送給黑客。
電腦病毒專家截獲「李連杰」病毒，命之為「拉伕Word釋放器變種B」，警惕程度列為★★★☆。該病毒是一個文件名為「李連杰電影中的美麗情人．DOC」的WORD格式文檔，用戶很容易受誘騙打開文件。
一旦開啟，病毒就利用微軟Office軟件漏洞釋放出「代理木馬變種CFK」及「代理木馬下載器變種KHI」等病毒，並在後台隱藏運行。釋出病毒會竊取用戶的隱私信息，包括銀行卡帳號等，並發送給黑客及自動從互聯網上，下載其他病毒和惡意程序。
許多網友喜歡把趣聞、笑話、圖片、賀卡等，製成Office文檔，通過電郵、QQ、MSM等形式發送。由於目前利用微軟Office軟件漏洞的病毒量，越來越多，電腦病毒專家建議，用戶收到Office格式文檔(Word、Excel、Powerpoint等)先檢測是否帶病毒，方可打開。
一個假借國際電影明星「李連杰」之名的病毒，會竊取用戶銀行卡帳號等隱私信息，並發送給黑客。
電腦病毒專家截獲「李連杰」病毒，命之為「拉伕Word釋放器變種B」，警惕程度列為★★★☆。該病毒是一個文件名為「李連杰電影中的美麗情人．DOC」的WORD格式文檔，用戶很容易受誘騙打開文件。
一旦開啟，病毒就利用微軟Office軟件漏洞釋放出「代理木馬變種CFK」及「代理木馬下載器變種KHI」等病毒，並在後台隱藏運行。釋出病毒會竊取用戶的隱私信息，包括銀行卡帳號等，並發送給黑客及自動從互聯網上，下載其他病毒和惡意程序。
許多網友喜歡把趣聞、笑話、圖片、賀卡等，製成Office文檔，通過電郵、QQ、MSM等形式發送。由於目前利用微軟Office軟件漏洞的病毒量，越來越多，電腦病毒專家建議，用戶收到Office格式文檔(Word、Excel、Powerpoint等)先檢測是否帶病毒，方可打開。
Saturday, August 05, 2006
中国最大文学总集《全宋文》编成
http://www.takungpao.com:82/gate/gb/www.takungpao.com/news/06/08/04/ZM-603117.htm
http://www.takungpao.com:82/gate/gb/www.takungpao.com/news/images/06/08/04/113019_W020060804279869372118a.jpg
中国最大文学总集《全宋文》编成
【大公网讯】由四川大学古籍研究所编纂，曾枣庄、刘琳主编并联合其它著名高校专家学者参与，历时20余年而完成的《全宋文》，近日由上海辞书出版社和安徽教育出版社联合出版。
据文汇报报道，《全宋文》是一部包含两宋320年间所有现存单篇散文、骈文、诗词以外的韵文的大型断代总集，更是目前已经出版的规模最大的文学总集。《全宋文》分辞赋、诏令、奏议、公牍、书启、赠序、序跋、论说、杂记、箴铭、颂赞、传状、碑志、哀祭、祈谢等15个大类，共360册，总字数逾1亿，涉及宋人作家9000多位，其内容遍及文学、艺术、历史、哲学、政治、宗教、经济、教育、科技、军事、法律制度等各个方面。在全书所收的10余万篇各种体例文章中，95%的作家在此以前未被编入过专集。
《全宋文》的出版对于完善宋代的学术文献、填补宋代文化的研究空白、推动传统文化研究意义重大。宋代印刷术发达，故流传至今的宋人文集远远超过唐，但目前已出版的宋人文集，由于受到各方面条件的制约，只占其中极小的一部分，《四库全书》也仅收其中500多家，而《全宋文》不遗涓细，断篇残简皆予收录，其史料性、学术性、丰富性、全面性皆是空前的。
编这部巨著在启动之初就引起海内外学者的高度关注。宋史研究专家邓广铭教授生前说：「出版《全宋文》这件工作非常重要，但又非常艰巨，而意义非常之大。《全宋文》不但同中国文学史有关，同中国历史有关，而且对中国的精神文明建设关系非常巨大。」
经过20余年的磨砺，投资约达1000万元的《全宋文》开创性地在文化出版史上又树起一座丰碑。
注:【大公网讯】或【大公专讯】为本网即时新闻，非引自《大公报》，敬请留意。
http://www.takungpao.com:82/gate/gb/www.takungpao.com/news/images/06/08/04/113019_W020060804279869372118a.jpg
中国最大文学总集《全宋文》编成
【大公网讯】由四川大学古籍研究所编纂，曾枣庄、刘琳主编并联合其它著名高校专家学者参与，历时20余年而完成的《全宋文》，近日由上海辞书出版社和安徽教育出版社联合出版。
据文汇报报道，《全宋文》是一部包含两宋320年间所有现存单篇散文、骈文、诗词以外的韵文的大型断代总集，更是目前已经出版的规模最大的文学总集。《全宋文》分辞赋、诏令、奏议、公牍、书启、赠序、序跋、论说、杂记、箴铭、颂赞、传状、碑志、哀祭、祈谢等15个大类，共360册，总字数逾1亿，涉及宋人作家9000多位，其内容遍及文学、艺术、历史、哲学、政治、宗教、经济、教育、科技、军事、法律制度等各个方面。在全书所收的10余万篇各种体例文章中，95%的作家在此以前未被编入过专集。
《全宋文》的出版对于完善宋代的学术文献、填补宋代文化的研究空白、推动传统文化研究意义重大。宋代印刷术发达，故流传至今的宋人文集远远超过唐，但目前已出版的宋人文集，由于受到各方面条件的制约，只占其中极小的一部分，《四库全书》也仅收其中500多家，而《全宋文》不遗涓细，断篇残简皆予收录，其史料性、学术性、丰富性、全面性皆是空前的。
编这部巨著在启动之初就引起海内外学者的高度关注。宋史研究专家邓广铭教授生前说：「出版《全宋文》这件工作非常重要，但又非常艰巨，而意义非常之大。《全宋文》不但同中国文学史有关，同中国历史有关，而且对中国的精神文明建设关系非常巨大。」
经过20余年的磨砺，投资约达1000万元的《全宋文》开创性地在文化出版史上又树起一座丰碑。
注:【大公网讯】或【大公专讯】为本网即时新闻，非引自《大公报》，敬请留意。
Friday, August 04, 2006
Ab Initio QM Study of Structural and Vibrational Features of Hexagonal Hydroxyapatite
http://www.crystal.unito.it/vibs/oh_apatite/
http://www.crystal.unito.it/prtfreq/jmol.html
M. Corno, C. Busco, B. Civalleri and P. Ugliengo
Ab Initio QM Study of Structural and Vibrational Features of Hexagonal Hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
http://www.crystal.unito.it/prtfreq/jmol.html
M. Corno, C. Busco, B. Civalleri and P. Ugliengo
Ab Initio QM Study of Structural and Vibrational Features of Hexagonal Hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
bone structure and mechanical properties
http://www.nsbri.org/HumanPhysSpace/focus6/f6-264.jpg
http://www.nsbri.org/HumanPhysSpace/indexb.html
The Influence of Applied Forces on Different Materials
Background
External forces applied to a solid object may compress, stretch, twist, or bend it out of shape. The ability of an object to return to its original form when the external forces are removed is called the elasticity of the solid. If too much deformation occurs, the object will not return to its original shape - its elastic limit has been exceeded. The study of the elastic properties of materials is an important area of physics. This shouldn't scare you because all of us have experience with bending, twisting, smashing, and stretching different materials almost every day of our lives. In fact, every time we walk or run, our bones are being "smashed" down to some extent constantly. And if any of you have ever broken a bone, you might have done so because the bone was twisted. In this exercise we will first learn a little about how different forces affect different materials and then we will actually apply different forces to things and observe how they are affected. That's right, you will actually be designing an experiment where you will be able to smash, bend, twist, stretch, and break different things, in a way that you will define! But let's begin with some background information to understand how different forces affect different materials.
Essentially all materials yield to some extent under the influence of applied forces, including bone. Ultimately, the change in shape or volume of a body when outside forces act on it is determined by the strength of the material. The strength of a material depends largely on three main factors:
the kind of material, or what it is made of;
the physical characteristics of the material receiving the force, including cross sectional area, geometry (shape), and density (how close together the molecules are); and,
the molecular forces holding the material together (either electrochemical forces, or physical binding forces).Of course, the ability of the material to withstand forces also depends on the kinds of forces that are being applied.
Figure 12.
Let's examine the electrochemical and binding nature of the molecular forces in bone. Compact bone is composed of repeating segments of collagen fibers that appear every 680 Angstroms (the angstrom (A) is a unit of length and is equal to 10 cm) along its length; hydroxyapatite crystals lie within to each segment of the fiber, bound tightly to it (Figure 12). This intimate bonding prevents shear in the bone; that is, it prevents the crystals and collagen fibers from slipping out of place. Such stability is essential in providing strength to the bone. In addition, the segments of adjacent collagen fibers overlap each other, also causing hydroxyapatite crystals to be overlapped like bricks keyed to each other in a brick wall. This produces a very orderly 3-dimensional collagen/crystal composite. The hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2) themselves contain electrochemical forces that keep the calcium, phosphate, and hydroxide molecules together in the right combination.
As mentioned earlier in the chapter:
collagen fibers of bone have great tensile strength (the strength to endure being pulled apart);
calcium salts have great compressional strength (the strength to endure being squeezed).
These combined properties, plus the degree of bonding between the collagen fibers and the crystals, provide a bony structure that has both extreme tensile and compressional strength. In fact, bones are constructed in exactly the same way that reinforced concrete is constructed. The steel of reinforced concrete provides the tensile strength, while the cement, sand, and rock provide the compressional strength. Bone, on a weight basis, is stronger than concrete.
Figure 13. Uniform compressional and tensile forces applied to materials that we understand create predictable stresses. On the other hand, torsional forces are much more difficult to control and Often create more damage.
The direction and magnitude of applied forces will also influence how well a material can withstand those forces. Uniform forces are those that are applied evenly to a material, while non-uniform forces are those that are applied unevenly and can create the most damage. A uniform compressional force and a uniform tensile force are shown in Figure 13. These forces create predictable stresses on materials that are familiar to us. If we are familiar with a material, this means that the molecular forces within the material and the nature of the material is known. Normal human bone is fairly well understood, but a number of factors (e.g., age, gender, state of health including the presence of osteoporosis, etc.) can alter the molecular strength of a bone. Therefore, it is often difficult to determine how any particular bone that is not normal will behave under great stress.
The other force that is shown in Figure 13 is the torsional, or twisting force. It is much more difficult to predict how a material will respond to this kind of force because it is very difficult to produce a uniform twisting effect. Therefore, even with their great compressional and tensile strengths, neither bone nor concrete has a very high level of torsional strength (the strength to endure being twisted).
The term strain refers to the relative change in dimensions or shape of a material which is subjected to stress. That is, strain is the amount of deformation that occurs to a material under stress. Associated with each type of stress, or force, is a corresponding strain. If the stress or applied forces are uniform, the strain on a material can be calculated. In order to define tensile and compressional strains, let's consider an example where uniform stresses are being applied to a one-dimensional metal bar (Figure 14).
Figure 14. (a) A metal bar increases in length due to uniform tensile stress. (b) The bar decreases in length due to uniform compressional stress.
The tensile strain on a body is defined as the ratio of the increase in length of the body to the original length.
Tensile strain = l - lo
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lo
The compressional strain of a body is defined as the ratio of the decrease in length of the body to the original length.
Compressional strain = lo - l
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lo
We will not define torsional strain because twisting is more complicated to represent in a simple way, and our one-dimensional example of a metal bar is not an appropriate model to demonstrate torsional stress and strain. You have probably experimented with such forces without even knowing it by twisting an empty soda can, producing a torsional strain on the can.
Figure 15. A typical stress-strain diagram for a ductile metal undergoing tension.
Finally, when any stress is plotted on a graph against the resulting strain for a material, the resulting stress-strain diagram is found to have several different shapes, depending on the kind of material. As an example of a stress-strain diagram, Figure 15 illustrates the behavior of a particular metal when subjected to increasing tensile (stretching) stress. Let's examine the different sections of the graph.
(1) During the first portion of the curve (up to a strain of less than 1%), the stress and strain are proportional. This holds until the point a, the proportional limit, is reached. We know stress and strain are proportional because this segment of the line is straight. The fact that there is a region in which stress and strain are proportional is called Hooke's Law, named after a physicist named Robert Hooke (1635-1703). The ratio of stress to strain, or the stress per unit strain, is called an elastic modulus or Young's modulus. This relationship can be written as:
Young抯 modulus (Y) = Stress
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strain
and is essentially the slope of the straight line on the stress-strain diagram. Every material has a unique Young's modulus value. That is, the stress required to produce a given strain depends on the nature of the material under stress. The larger the Young's (electric) modulus for a material, the greater stress needed for a given strain. That is, the greater the Young's modulus for a material, the better it can withstand greater forces.
(2) From a to b on the diagram, stress and strain are not proportional, but nevertheless, if the stress is removed at any point between O and b, the curve will be retraced in the opposite direction and the material will return to its original shape and length. In other words, the material will spring back into shape in a reverse order to the way it sprung out of shape to begin with. In the region Ob, then, the material is said to be elastic or to exhibit elastic behavior and the point b is called the elastic limit.
(3) If the material is stressed further, the strain increases rapidly, but when the stress is removed at some point beyond b, say c, the material does not come back to its original shape or length but returns along a different path to a different point, shown along the dashed line in Figure 15. The length of the material at zero stress is now greater than the original length and the material is said to have a permanent set.
(4) Further increase of stress beyond c produces a large increase in strain until point d is reached at which fracture takes place. From b to d, the metal is said to undergo plastic deformation. If large plastic deformation takes place between the elastic limit and the fracture point, the metal is said to be ductile. Such materials are capable of being drawn out like a wire or hammered thin like gold leaf. If, however, fracture occurs soon after the elastic limit is passed, the metal is said to be brittle.
In this section, you have been exposed to many new terms as we've reviewed different points related to the strength and elasticity of materials. Now it is time to apply this knowledge in a demonstration of how various kinds of stresses, or forces, will affect various kinds of materials. Your entire class will design the experiment in a way that will demonstrate many of the concepts described in this section. Then your class will be broken into small groups and, within each group, you will perform the experiment. Follow the guidelines for this activity that are provided by your teacher as well as the steps provided in the "Procedure" section below. And above all, read everything before you begin.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials
Various materials differing in:
kinds of material,
cross-sectional area,
density, and
geometry (shape).
Various instruments to produce forces such as:
small household hammer,
large rubber hammer,
mortar and pestle,
some kind of a stretching mechanism.
Procedure
Step 1
Before breaking into groups based on your teacher's direction, discuss as a class the different kinds of materials that you plan to use in your demonstration. The class should select items that will demonstrate three different levels of response (no response, partial response, and total fracture) to: (1) a compressional stress, (2) a tensile stress, and (3) a torsional stress. Think of things that would represent a variety of kinds of materials. And then think of things that vary in cross-sectional area, shape, density, and elasticity. Each student should make a list of these items, puffing them in categories similar to that shown in Table 2.
Your teacher will provide you with a separate copy of Table 2 for you to write on. Work with your teacher to help collect enough of each item for each group.
Step 2
Break into your groups and assign one or two students as the "stressors." These are the individuals who will be applying the forces to the various materials. Before they begin to apply forces to the first item, allow the other members of the group to predict, or rate, how the material will respond. Then the stressors can begin their demonstration, using either a compressional, tensile, or torsional stress. The stresses can be applied in a uniform or non- uniform manner to compare the responses of the various materials. Each student in the group, including the stressors, should make notes about each demonstration regarding the following points:
the kind of material something is made of;
the physical characteristics of the material (density, cross-sectional area, and geometry);
the forces between the molecules in the material;
the kind of forces that are applied; and
the direction, relative magnitude, and uniformity of the applied forces.
Finally, it is important for your class to come up with a rating system so that you can rate each material in terms of its:
elasticity;
plasticity;
fracture point, indicating how brittle the material is.
Step 3
Each student should write a report that includes his/her comments and observations about each material and each demonstration. Include at the end of this report the answers (in complete sentences) to the following questions:
Which material that you tested was the most elastic and which was the least elastic of all the materials? What is the main difference between the two materials that makes them respond differently?
Which material that you tested was the most brittle and which was the least brittle of all the materials? What is the main difference between the two materials that makes them respond differently?
Do your answers to Questions 1 and 2 seem similar? Explain.
Draw a hypothetical stress/strain diagram comparing the two materials mentioned in Question 1.
Which material that you tested performed most similarly to how you understand a human bone would perform? What physical properties do the bone and this material have in common?
Well, we are finished with our "Student Investigations." Now that you more fully understand the concepts of bone growth and bone strength, let's move on to examine Dr. Holton's examination of how space flight affects these two bone properties.
Table 2. Example table of the physical characteristics of materials. Demonstration 1 2 3 4 5 Test at least 10 materials
Kind of Material
Cross-sectional area (large-med-small)
Shape (regular-irregular)
Density (high-med-low)
Elasticity (high-med-low)
Brittleness (high-med-low)
Applied Force (compressional, tensile, torsional)
Degree of Aplied force (strong-med-light)
Comments
http://www.nsbri.org/HumanPhysSpace/indexb.html
The Influence of Applied Forces on Different Materials
Background
External forces applied to a solid object may compress, stretch, twist, or bend it out of shape. The ability of an object to return to its original form when the external forces are removed is called the elasticity of the solid. If too much deformation occurs, the object will not return to its original shape - its elastic limit has been exceeded. The study of the elastic properties of materials is an important area of physics. This shouldn't scare you because all of us have experience with bending, twisting, smashing, and stretching different materials almost every day of our lives. In fact, every time we walk or run, our bones are being "smashed" down to some extent constantly. And if any of you have ever broken a bone, you might have done so because the bone was twisted. In this exercise we will first learn a little about how different forces affect different materials and then we will actually apply different forces to things and observe how they are affected. That's right, you will actually be designing an experiment where you will be able to smash, bend, twist, stretch, and break different things, in a way that you will define! But let's begin with some background information to understand how different forces affect different materials.
Essentially all materials yield to some extent under the influence of applied forces, including bone. Ultimately, the change in shape or volume of a body when outside forces act on it is determined by the strength of the material. The strength of a material depends largely on three main factors:
the kind of material, or what it is made of;
the physical characteristics of the material receiving the force, including cross sectional area, geometry (shape), and density (how close together the molecules are); and,
the molecular forces holding the material together (either electrochemical forces, or physical binding forces).Of course, the ability of the material to withstand forces also depends on the kinds of forces that are being applied.
Figure 12.
Let's examine the electrochemical and binding nature of the molecular forces in bone. Compact bone is composed of repeating segments of collagen fibers that appear every 680 Angstroms (the angstrom (A) is a unit of length and is equal to 10 cm) along its length; hydroxyapatite crystals lie within to each segment of the fiber, bound tightly to it (Figure 12). This intimate bonding prevents shear in the bone; that is, it prevents the crystals and collagen fibers from slipping out of place. Such stability is essential in providing strength to the bone. In addition, the segments of adjacent collagen fibers overlap each other, also causing hydroxyapatite crystals to be overlapped like bricks keyed to each other in a brick wall. This produces a very orderly 3-dimensional collagen/crystal composite. The hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2) themselves contain electrochemical forces that keep the calcium, phosphate, and hydroxide molecules together in the right combination.
As mentioned earlier in the chapter:
collagen fibers of bone have great tensile strength (the strength to endure being pulled apart);
calcium salts have great compressional strength (the strength to endure being squeezed).
These combined properties, plus the degree of bonding between the collagen fibers and the crystals, provide a bony structure that has both extreme tensile and compressional strength. In fact, bones are constructed in exactly the same way that reinforced concrete is constructed. The steel of reinforced concrete provides the tensile strength, while the cement, sand, and rock provide the compressional strength. Bone, on a weight basis, is stronger than concrete.
Figure 13. Uniform compressional and tensile forces applied to materials that we understand create predictable stresses. On the other hand, torsional forces are much more difficult to control and Often create more damage.
The direction and magnitude of applied forces will also influence how well a material can withstand those forces. Uniform forces are those that are applied evenly to a material, while non-uniform forces are those that are applied unevenly and can create the most damage. A uniform compressional force and a uniform tensile force are shown in Figure 13. These forces create predictable stresses on materials that are familiar to us. If we are familiar with a material, this means that the molecular forces within the material and the nature of the material is known. Normal human bone is fairly well understood, but a number of factors (e.g., age, gender, state of health including the presence of osteoporosis, etc.) can alter the molecular strength of a bone. Therefore, it is often difficult to determine how any particular bone that is not normal will behave under great stress.
The other force that is shown in Figure 13 is the torsional, or twisting force. It is much more difficult to predict how a material will respond to this kind of force because it is very difficult to produce a uniform twisting effect. Therefore, even with their great compressional and tensile strengths, neither bone nor concrete has a very high level of torsional strength (the strength to endure being twisted).
The term strain refers to the relative change in dimensions or shape of a material which is subjected to stress. That is, strain is the amount of deformation that occurs to a material under stress. Associated with each type of stress, or force, is a corresponding strain. If the stress or applied forces are uniform, the strain on a material can be calculated. In order to define tensile and compressional strains, let's consider an example where uniform stresses are being applied to a one-dimensional metal bar (Figure 14).
Figure 14. (a) A metal bar increases in length due to uniform tensile stress. (b) The bar decreases in length due to uniform compressional stress.
The tensile strain on a body is defined as the ratio of the increase in length of the body to the original length.
Tensile strain = l - lo
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lo
The compressional strain of a body is defined as the ratio of the decrease in length of the body to the original length.
Compressional strain = lo - l
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lo
We will not define torsional strain because twisting is more complicated to represent in a simple way, and our one-dimensional example of a metal bar is not an appropriate model to demonstrate torsional stress and strain. You have probably experimented with such forces without even knowing it by twisting an empty soda can, producing a torsional strain on the can.
Figure 15. A typical stress-strain diagram for a ductile metal undergoing tension.
Finally, when any stress is plotted on a graph against the resulting strain for a material, the resulting stress-strain diagram is found to have several different shapes, depending on the kind of material. As an example of a stress-strain diagram, Figure 15 illustrates the behavior of a particular metal when subjected to increasing tensile (stretching) stress. Let's examine the different sections of the graph.
(1) During the first portion of the curve (up to a strain of less than 1%), the stress and strain are proportional. This holds until the point a, the proportional limit, is reached. We know stress and strain are proportional because this segment of the line is straight. The fact that there is a region in which stress and strain are proportional is called Hooke's Law, named after a physicist named Robert Hooke (1635-1703). The ratio of stress to strain, or the stress per unit strain, is called an elastic modulus or Young's modulus. This relationship can be written as:
Young抯 modulus (Y) = Stress
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strain
and is essentially the slope of the straight line on the stress-strain diagram. Every material has a unique Young's modulus value. That is, the stress required to produce a given strain depends on the nature of the material under stress. The larger the Young's (electric) modulus for a material, the greater stress needed for a given strain. That is, the greater the Young's modulus for a material, the better it can withstand greater forces.
(2) From a to b on the diagram, stress and strain are not proportional, but nevertheless, if the stress is removed at any point between O and b, the curve will be retraced in the opposite direction and the material will return to its original shape and length. In other words, the material will spring back into shape in a reverse order to the way it sprung out of shape to begin with. In the region Ob, then, the material is said to be elastic or to exhibit elastic behavior and the point b is called the elastic limit.
(3) If the material is stressed further, the strain increases rapidly, but when the stress is removed at some point beyond b, say c, the material does not come back to its original shape or length but returns along a different path to a different point, shown along the dashed line in Figure 15. The length of the material at zero stress is now greater than the original length and the material is said to have a permanent set.
(4) Further increase of stress beyond c produces a large increase in strain until point d is reached at which fracture takes place. From b to d, the metal is said to undergo plastic deformation. If large plastic deformation takes place between the elastic limit and the fracture point, the metal is said to be ductile. Such materials are capable of being drawn out like a wire or hammered thin like gold leaf. If, however, fracture occurs soon after the elastic limit is passed, the metal is said to be brittle.
In this section, you have been exposed to many new terms as we've reviewed different points related to the strength and elasticity of materials. Now it is time to apply this knowledge in a demonstration of how various kinds of stresses, or forces, will affect various kinds of materials. Your entire class will design the experiment in a way that will demonstrate many of the concepts described in this section. Then your class will be broken into small groups and, within each group, you will perform the experiment. Follow the guidelines for this activity that are provided by your teacher as well as the steps provided in the "Procedure" section below. And above all, read everything before you begin.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials
Various materials differing in:
kinds of material,
cross-sectional area,
density, and
geometry (shape).
Various instruments to produce forces such as:
small household hammer,
large rubber hammer,
mortar and pestle,
some kind of a stretching mechanism.
Procedure
Step 1
Before breaking into groups based on your teacher's direction, discuss as a class the different kinds of materials that you plan to use in your demonstration. The class should select items that will demonstrate three different levels of response (no response, partial response, and total fracture) to: (1) a compressional stress, (2) a tensile stress, and (3) a torsional stress. Think of things that would represent a variety of kinds of materials. And then think of things that vary in cross-sectional area, shape, density, and elasticity. Each student should make a list of these items, puffing them in categories similar to that shown in Table 2.
Your teacher will provide you with a separate copy of Table 2 for you to write on. Work with your teacher to help collect enough of each item for each group.
Step 2
Break into your groups and assign one or two students as the "stressors." These are the individuals who will be applying the forces to the various materials. Before they begin to apply forces to the first item, allow the other members of the group to predict, or rate, how the material will respond. Then the stressors can begin their demonstration, using either a compressional, tensile, or torsional stress. The stresses can be applied in a uniform or non- uniform manner to compare the responses of the various materials. Each student in the group, including the stressors, should make notes about each demonstration regarding the following points:
the kind of material something is made of;
the physical characteristics of the material (density, cross-sectional area, and geometry);
the forces between the molecules in the material;
the kind of forces that are applied; and
the direction, relative magnitude, and uniformity of the applied forces.
Finally, it is important for your class to come up with a rating system so that you can rate each material in terms of its:
elasticity;
plasticity;
fracture point, indicating how brittle the material is.
Step 3
Each student should write a report that includes his/her comments and observations about each material and each demonstration. Include at the end of this report the answers (in complete sentences) to the following questions:
Which material that you tested was the most elastic and which was the least elastic of all the materials? What is the main difference between the two materials that makes them respond differently?
Which material that you tested was the most brittle and which was the least brittle of all the materials? What is the main difference between the two materials that makes them respond differently?
Do your answers to Questions 1 and 2 seem similar? Explain.
Draw a hypothetical stress/strain diagram comparing the two materials mentioned in Question 1.
Which material that you tested performed most similarly to how you understand a human bone would perform? What physical properties do the bone and this material have in common?
Well, we are finished with our "Student Investigations." Now that you more fully understand the concepts of bone growth and bone strength, let's move on to examine Dr. Holton's examination of how space flight affects these two bone properties.
Table 2. Example table of the physical characteristics of materials. Demonstration 1 2 3 4 5 Test at least 10 materials
Kind of Material
Cross-sectional area (large-med-small)
Shape (regular-irregular)
Density (high-med-low)
Elasticity (high-med-low)
Brittleness (high-med-low)
Applied Force (compressional, tensile, torsional)
Degree of Aplied force (strong-med-light)
Comments
Thursday, August 03, 2006
Microstructure of collagen fibrils in a hydroxyapatite (HAP) matrix
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U.S. & Asian Markets for Orthopedic Joint Replacement
U.S. & Asian Markets for Orthopedic Joint Replacement
http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=1077874&xs=r&SID=37487575-359366284-391609691&curr=USD&kw=&view=toc
http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=1077874&xs=r&SID=37487575-359366284-391609691&curr=USD&kw=&view=toc
Total Joint Metrics, Implant Capture, and Revision Metrics
http://www.orthopedicnetworknews.com/tjmpres_files/frame.html
Total Joint Metrics, Implant Capture, and Revision Metrics
Total Joint Metrics, Implant Capture, and Revision Metrics
Knee and Hip Joint Replacement Surgery (Arthroplasty)
http://www.legalpointer.com/displaymonograph.php?MID=176
Knee and Hip Joint Replacement Surgery (Arthroplasty)
By Linda Bren
Turn on the TV and there is golf legend Jack Nicklaus extolling the virtues of his hip replacement. Still competing on the links, Nicklaus is among the growing number of people in the United States each year who have a hip joint replaced. So is rock star Eddie Van Halen, who was 43 when he had his hip replaced in 1999, the same year as Nicklaus.
Cases like these are laying to rest the stereotype that only the aged and the inactive receive hip replacements. The same holds true for those who have knee joints replaced.
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) calls total hip replacement an orthopedic success story, "enabling hundreds of thousands of people to live fuller, more active lives." In 2001, about 165,000 hip joints were replaced in U.S. hospitals, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. The same year, 326,000 knees were replaced. Total knee replacement is "highly successful in relieving pain and restoring joint function," says the AAOS. And a hip or knee replacement lasts at least 20 years in about 80 percent of those who get them.
But despite their success, hip and knee joint replacements still have drawbacks. There may be complications. They don't always last a lifetime and when they fail, surgery may be needed.
As artificial joints and surgical techniques to implant them continue to evolve, the medical community and patients hold out hope for joint replacements that cause fewer problems, last longer, and move more like a healthy natural joint.
What is Joint Replacement?
Joints are formed by the ends of two or more bones connected by tissue called cartilage. Healthy cartilage serves as a protective cushion, allowing smooth, low-friction movement of the joint. If the cartilage becomes damaged by disease or injury, the tissues around the joint become inflamed, causing pain. With time, the cartilage wears away, allowing the rough edges of bone to rub against each other, causing more pain.
When only some of the joint is damaged, a surgeon may be able to repair or replace just the damaged parts. When the entire joint is damaged, a total joint replacement is done. To replace a total hip or knee joint, a surgeon removes the diseased or damaged parts and inserts artificial parts, called prostheses or implants. These prostheses are considered medical devices, which are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration.
Why Joint Replacement?
The most common reason for having a hip or knee replaced is osteoarthritis, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). This degenerative joint disease, marked by the breakdown of the joint's cartilage, is not limited to older people. Although it most commonly affects people over age 45, younger men and women also can get this disease.
Some people are born with a deformed joint or defective cartilage, which leads to osteoarthritis. Excess weight, joint fracture, ligament tears, or other injury can damage cartilage and cause osteoarthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis is another condition that may be alleviated by hip or knee joint replacement. This chronic inflammation of the joint lining causes pain, stiffness, and swelling. The inflamed lining can invade and damage bone and cartilage. Rheumatoid arthritis generally starts in middle age, but can also affect children and young adults.
Loss of bone caused by poor blood supply (avascular necrosis), which led to Van Halen's hip replacement, and bone tumors may be other reasons for joint replacement.
Hip Replacement Surgery
The hip joint is a ball and socket, allowing a wide range of motion. The ball of the joint, the top of the thighbone (femoral head), moves within the hollow socket (acetabulum) of the pelvis. A layer of cartilage allows the ball to glide smoothly inside the socket.
In total hip replacement, the surgeon cuts away the ball part of the joint, replacing it with a ball attached to a stem that is wedged into a hollowed-out space in the thighbone. Damaged cartilage and bone are removed from the socket and a cup-like component is inserted into the socket.
Hip replacements may be cemented or uncemented. If cemented, the hip parts are held in place with a fast-curing "bone cement" made from a type of polymer. If uncemented, the joint components are specially made to either press into the bone for a tight fit (press-fit) or to allow new bone to grow into the porous surface of the implant, holding it in place (biological fixation).
Hip Resurfacing
An alternative to total hip replacement is an operation called hip resurfacing. Unlike the prostheses used in total hip replacement, which are made to replace the femoral head, resurfacing prosthesis designs allow the head to be preserved and reshaped. The resurfaced bone is then capped with a metal prosthesis. Like total hip replacement, the socket is fitted with a prosthesis.
In the United States, hip resurfacing is being conducted only in FDA-approved clinical studies. It is necessary for each manufacturer of a hip resurfacing device to collect clinical data on its resurfacing design. The data collected in these studies will be used to demonstrate whether each hip resurfacing design is safe and effective for market approval in the United States. Presently, no manufacturer has obtained FDA approval to market its hip resurfacing design.
Not everyone is a candidate for resurfacing; the femoral head may be too damaged to hold the resurfacing component. "Good bone stock is required," says Michael Mont, M.D., director of the Center for Joint Preservation and Reconstruction at Sinai Hospital in Baltimore.
James Puglisi considers himself fortunate to have good bone stock. Puglisi was 47 when he began limping because of a burning, aching pain in his hip that spread through his leg and into his knee and ankle. For this marathon runner and cyclist, just walking and standing became painful, and sometimes the pain was so intense that it would wake him up during the night.
Puglisi was diagnosed with osteoarthritis, brought on by an abnormally formed hip joint. He was advised by his orthopedic surgeon to wait as long as possible before getting a total hip replacement because it might wear out with his active lifestyle and require one or more revisions.
Revision surgery, which replaces both artificial parts and damaged bone, is more difficult than first-time surgery, says NIAMS. The outcome is generally not as good because bone is not as strong as when first operated on and the supporting ligaments may be damaged.
"But the pain was getting to the point where I needed to do something," says Puglisi.
Puglisi flew from his home in Amherst, N.Y., to Baltimore to take part in a study on hip resurfacing. Mont performed Puglisi's resurfacing operation in March 2003 and Puglisi returned home after a four-day stay at Sinai Hospital. Gradually putting more weight on his new hip, Puglisi was able to be full weight-bearing (walking without a cane or crutches) after three months. Now pain-free, the 50-year-old is back to cycling 200 miles a week and anticipates running again soon. "I'm so happy with the results," he says. "I had forgotten what it was like to have a pain-free life, and now I have it back. It feels as normal as my other hip."
Puglisi notes that different surgeons may have different recommendations. Another surgeon who saw Puglisi's X-rays told him he shouldn't run again. "But Dr. Mont was OK with it as long as I waited at least six months after surgery," says Puglisi. "He just told me I couldn't bungee jump or parachute!"
Mont advises the six-month waiting period to give a patient time to build strong muscles. He also says he doesn't "totally condone heavy sporting activities" after resurfacing. "You do it at your own risk," he says, adding that if the resurfaced hip ever fails, it can be converted to a total hip replacement.
Current hip resurfacing technology is too new to know how long the resurfaced hip will last. Puglisi has volunteered to return to Sinai Hospital for an annual checkup for the next 10 years to help clinical investigators gather long-term data on resurfaced hips.
Knee Replacement Surgery
The largest joint in the body, the knee joint is formed where the lower part of the thighbone (femur) joins the upper part of the shinbone (tibia) and the kneecap (patella). Shock-absorbing cartilage covers the surfaces where these three bones touch.
In a standard total knee replacement, the damaged areas of the thighbone, shinbone and kneecap are removed and replaced with prostheses. The ends of the remaining bones are smoothed and reshaped to accommodate the prostheses. Pieces of the artificial knee are typically held in place with bone cement.
A knee replacement usually involves three to four days in the hospital. The recovery period depends on a patient's general health, age, and other factors, but many people can resume their normal activities four to eight weeks after surgery.
"While a knee replacement can dramatically improve the quality of life for a person with debilitating knee pain, it is major surgery," says Gerard Engh, M.D., director of knee research at Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute in Alexandria, Va. "We usually recommend total knee replacements and partial knee replacements after other less invasive treatments have been attempted."
But most who opt for knee joint replacement are generally happy with the results. Ninety percent of those who have total knee replacement report fast pain relief, improved mobility, and better quality of life, according to a panel of independent experts. The panel was convened at a conference in December 2003 sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and cosponsored by the FDA and other federal organizations.
The panel concluded that, overall, total knee replacement surgery is a safe, very successful, and relatively low-risk treatment for decreasing pain and increasing mobility in people who are not helped by nonsurgical treatments. Follow-up studies showed that revision surgery was needed in 10 percent of knee replacements after 10 years, and in 20 percent after 20 years, according to the panel.
The Risks of Replacement
Like any surgery, hip and knee joint replacement carries certain life-threatening risks, such as infection, blood clots and complications from anesthesia. Other complications include nerve damage, dislocation or breakage after surgery, and wearing out or loosening of the joint over time. After hip replacement surgery, one leg may be shorter than the other.
Infection is an ongoing risk for people with joint replacements. Not only can it occur in the hospital, but it can happen years later if bacteria travel through the bloodstream to the replacement area.
In the rare case that an infection spreads to the new joint and does not clear up with antibiotic treatment, the joint must be replaced. This usually requires two surgeries--one to remove the infected joint and another surgery later to insert the new joint. Between surgeries, the infection is treated with antibiotics.
In 2001, the FDA approved a temporary artificial hip for people with hip joint infection. The temporary hip, called Prostalac, can be inserted and left in place for about three months after the infected hip is removed. It consists of a metal stem and ball that fits into the thighbone, a plastic cup that attaches to the hipbone, and a bone cement that contains antibiotics. The antibiotics in the cement, along with oral antibiotics taken by the patient, help to treat the infection. The temporary hip allows a person some movement while healing.
The Wear Problem
The most commonly used FDA-approved joint prostheses for knees and hips are made of metal and plastic. The metal is usually titanium or a mixture of cobalt and chromium. The plastic is a high-density polyethylene.
Although the metal in a prosthesis is highly polished and the polyethylene is intended to be wear-resistant, the daily rubbing of these surfaces against each other during normal movements creates tiny particles of debris. After many years, these wear particles may damage the surrounding bone, loosen the prosthesis, and require another knee or hip joint replacement.
"The 'Achilles tendon' of any artificial joint over the long term is wear," says Anderson Orthopaedic's Engh. "Any time you have parts moving against each other, there has to be wear."
In an effort to solve the wear problem of metal-on-polyethylene in the hip joint, manufacturers have produced hip prostheses with three other kinds of surfaces: metal-on-metal, ceramic-on-polyethylene, and ceramic-on-ceramic. Unlike the clay ceramic used in pottery, the ceramic used in hip joint replacements is made from aluminum or zirconium chemically combined with oxygen for strength and durability.
Metal-on-metal and ceramic hip prostheses are decades old, but modern materials, designs, and manufacturing methods have improved upon earlier versions, says Engh. He cautions that, although modern investigational products have shown good wear in mechanical simulations in the laboratory, it's how well they work in people over the long term that is the real test. "Very often it's best to select an implant that's been on the market for a while rather than something that's brand new," says Engh.
A few metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-ceramic hip prostheses are FDA-approved for use in the general population; others are approved only for use in carefully controlled studies. However, a large number of ceramic-on-polyethylene prostheses are available for use in the general population.
When choosing a prosthesis, the surgeon will consider many factors, including the patient's age, weight, gender, anatomy, activity level, medical history and general health, says A. Seth Greenwald, D.Phil., director of orthopaedic research and education at the Lutheran Hospital in Cleveland, part of the Cleveland Clinic Health System. The device's performance record and the surgeon's own experience with the device also will be considered.
Surgical Skill
Choosing the appropriate prosthesis is only one part of the equation for successful hip or knee joint replacement. "The most important factor in joint replacement success is the surgeon," says Greenwald. "The first question I'd ask the surgeon is, 'How many have you done and what are your complications?'"
Jonathan Garino, M.D., agrees. "There are a number of good devices out there," says Garino, an orthopedic surgeon with the University of Pennsylvania Health System. "But even if you have the best technology in the world, it has to be implanted correctly." It falls to the surgeon to put the device in right, but it falls to the patient to take care of the new joint, says Garino. Regular exercise is important, but high-impact activities, such as running and jumping, generally are discouraged.
The independent panel convened by the NIH in December 2003 to study total knee replacements also concluded that proper surgical technique was one of the most important factors leading to successful knee replacement. Studies have found that the more knee replacements a surgeon performs, the lower the rates of complication, according to the panel. Similarly, complication rates fall in hospitals with increasing numbers of operations performed.
Surgical Techniques
While prosthesis makers are changing designs, materials, and manufacturing methods to try to lengthen the life of artificial knees and hips, surgeons are refining techniques or developing new ones to try to improve the outcomes. Doing surgery through smaller incisions and performing less radical surgeries are among these efforts.
People are seeking minimal-incision knee and hip replacement surgery, says Engh. Instead of the traditional 6- to 12-inch-long incision used in a standard total knee replacement, some surgeons are performing the surgery through a 4- to 5-inch incision. And instead of the typical 10- to 12-inch incision in a total hip replacement, surgeons are operating through one 4-inch cut or two 2-inch cuts.
"The [minimal-incision surgery] technique minimizes trauma to muscles, tissue and tendons and has less bleeding during surgery," says Garino. Patients have less pain after surgery, enabling them to walk with full weight sooner. The hospital stay is usually reduced as well.
"There are many advantages as long as we don't compromise our ability to put the implants in correctly," says Engh, adding that minimal-incision surgery is a more difficult operation to perform. "If you assemble a model ship on a desktop, it's easier to do, but if you try to assemble it within a bottle it is technically more difficult," he says. The technical difficulty also adds to the operating time. "The longer a patient is in surgery, the higher the risk of infection," says Engh.
Not all patients are candidates for minimal-incision surgery. People who are obese, have had previous hip or knee surgery, or those with unusual anatomy may be excluded, says Garino.
Minimally invasive surgery is another option for some patients. At Sinai Hospital, Mont performs a minimally invasive total knee replacement through an incision of 4 to 6 inches, bending the joint through the opening to expose different parts of it to work on. In a standard knee replacement, the entire joint is visible through a longer incision. Mont uses cutting procedures, leg positionings, and techniques that do not involve dislocating parts of the knee as in traditional replacement.
Even as researchers and surgeons continue to offer more options in prostheses and surgical procedures, Garino says the current technology is hard to beat. A hip or knee replacement is likely to last 20 years, he says. "The average patient takes a million steps a year. I challenge you to go home and find something in your house that you use a million times a year that has lasted for 20 years with no maintenance."
How Do You Know It's Time for Surgery?
Jeffrey T. Nugent, M.D., orthopedic surgeon at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta, says that if you are experiencing any of these signs, you should speak to your rheumatologist or orthopedic surgeon about the possibility of joint replacement:
?you are unable to sleep at night because of the pain
?you've tried a series of different medications that don't help alleviate the pain, or the medication you have been on no longer works
?you feel that the pain from your arthritis is keeping you from regular outings, such as visiting friends, going shopping or taking a vacation
?your activity is restricted to the point where you have trouble getting out of a chair, going up stairs, getting off the toilet, or getting up from the floor.
From "All You Need to Know About Joint Surgery," ?2002, Arthritis Foundation
What to Ask the Surgeon
Here are some questions to ask your surgeon about joint replacement:
?What makes someone a good candidate for joint surgery?
?What are the risks involved in joint surgery?
?Would there be any other non-surgical treatments I haven't yet tried that would ease my pain and help me move more easily?
?How would surgery help my particular problem?
?What would not change after the operation?
?How long is the recovery process?
?What is involved in the recovery process?
?What type of procedure would you recommend for me?
?How often in the past year have you performed this operation?
?Can you tell me what the outcome (decreased pain, improved function) has been for most of these patients?
?Can you provide the names of several people I could contact to discuss their experiences with surgery?
From "All You Need to Know About Joint Surgery," ?2002, Arthritis Foundation
This article originally appeared in FDA Consumer magazine.
Knee and Hip Joint Replacement Surgery (Arthroplasty)
By Linda Bren
Turn on the TV and there is golf legend Jack Nicklaus extolling the virtues of his hip replacement. Still competing on the links, Nicklaus is among the growing number of people in the United States each year who have a hip joint replaced. So is rock star Eddie Van Halen, who was 43 when he had his hip replaced in 1999, the same year as Nicklaus.
Cases like these are laying to rest the stereotype that only the aged and the inactive receive hip replacements. The same holds true for those who have knee joints replaced.
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) calls total hip replacement an orthopedic success story, "enabling hundreds of thousands of people to live fuller, more active lives." In 2001, about 165,000 hip joints were replaced in U.S. hospitals, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. The same year, 326,000 knees were replaced. Total knee replacement is "highly successful in relieving pain and restoring joint function," says the AAOS. And a hip or knee replacement lasts at least 20 years in about 80 percent of those who get them.
But despite their success, hip and knee joint replacements still have drawbacks. There may be complications. They don't always last a lifetime and when they fail, surgery may be needed.
As artificial joints and surgical techniques to implant them continue to evolve, the medical community and patients hold out hope for joint replacements that cause fewer problems, last longer, and move more like a healthy natural joint.
What is Joint Replacement?
Joints are formed by the ends of two or more bones connected by tissue called cartilage. Healthy cartilage serves as a protective cushion, allowing smooth, low-friction movement of the joint. If the cartilage becomes damaged by disease or injury, the tissues around the joint become inflamed, causing pain. With time, the cartilage wears away, allowing the rough edges of bone to rub against each other, causing more pain.
When only some of the joint is damaged, a surgeon may be able to repair or replace just the damaged parts. When the entire joint is damaged, a total joint replacement is done. To replace a total hip or knee joint, a surgeon removes the diseased or damaged parts and inserts artificial parts, called prostheses or implants. These prostheses are considered medical devices, which are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration.
Why Joint Replacement?
The most common reason for having a hip or knee replaced is osteoarthritis, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). This degenerative joint disease, marked by the breakdown of the joint's cartilage, is not limited to older people. Although it most commonly affects people over age 45, younger men and women also can get this disease.
Some people are born with a deformed joint or defective cartilage, which leads to osteoarthritis. Excess weight, joint fracture, ligament tears, or other injury can damage cartilage and cause osteoarthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis is another condition that may be alleviated by hip or knee joint replacement. This chronic inflammation of the joint lining causes pain, stiffness, and swelling. The inflamed lining can invade and damage bone and cartilage. Rheumatoid arthritis generally starts in middle age, but can also affect children and young adults.
Loss of bone caused by poor blood supply (avascular necrosis), which led to Van Halen's hip replacement, and bone tumors may be other reasons for joint replacement.
Hip Replacement Surgery
The hip joint is a ball and socket, allowing a wide range of motion. The ball of the joint, the top of the thighbone (femoral head), moves within the hollow socket (acetabulum) of the pelvis. A layer of cartilage allows the ball to glide smoothly inside the socket.
In total hip replacement, the surgeon cuts away the ball part of the joint, replacing it with a ball attached to a stem that is wedged into a hollowed-out space in the thighbone. Damaged cartilage and bone are removed from the socket and a cup-like component is inserted into the socket.
Hip replacements may be cemented or uncemented. If cemented, the hip parts are held in place with a fast-curing "bone cement" made from a type of polymer. If uncemented, the joint components are specially made to either press into the bone for a tight fit (press-fit) or to allow new bone to grow into the porous surface of the implant, holding it in place (biological fixation).
Hip Resurfacing
An alternative to total hip replacement is an operation called hip resurfacing. Unlike the prostheses used in total hip replacement, which are made to replace the femoral head, resurfacing prosthesis designs allow the head to be preserved and reshaped. The resurfaced bone is then capped with a metal prosthesis. Like total hip replacement, the socket is fitted with a prosthesis.
In the United States, hip resurfacing is being conducted only in FDA-approved clinical studies. It is necessary for each manufacturer of a hip resurfacing device to collect clinical data on its resurfacing design. The data collected in these studies will be used to demonstrate whether each hip resurfacing design is safe and effective for market approval in the United States. Presently, no manufacturer has obtained FDA approval to market its hip resurfacing design.
Not everyone is a candidate for resurfacing; the femoral head may be too damaged to hold the resurfacing component. "Good bone stock is required," says Michael Mont, M.D., director of the Center for Joint Preservation and Reconstruction at Sinai Hospital in Baltimore.
James Puglisi considers himself fortunate to have good bone stock. Puglisi was 47 when he began limping because of a burning, aching pain in his hip that spread through his leg and into his knee and ankle. For this marathon runner and cyclist, just walking and standing became painful, and sometimes the pain was so intense that it would wake him up during the night.
Puglisi was diagnosed with osteoarthritis, brought on by an abnormally formed hip joint. He was advised by his orthopedic surgeon to wait as long as possible before getting a total hip replacement because it might wear out with his active lifestyle and require one or more revisions.
Revision surgery, which replaces both artificial parts and damaged bone, is more difficult than first-time surgery, says NIAMS. The outcome is generally not as good because bone is not as strong as when first operated on and the supporting ligaments may be damaged.
"But the pain was getting to the point where I needed to do something," says Puglisi.
Puglisi flew from his home in Amherst, N.Y., to Baltimore to take part in a study on hip resurfacing. Mont performed Puglisi's resurfacing operation in March 2003 and Puglisi returned home after a four-day stay at Sinai Hospital. Gradually putting more weight on his new hip, Puglisi was able to be full weight-bearing (walking without a cane or crutches) after three months. Now pain-free, the 50-year-old is back to cycling 200 miles a week and anticipates running again soon. "I'm so happy with the results," he says. "I had forgotten what it was like to have a pain-free life, and now I have it back. It feels as normal as my other hip."
Puglisi notes that different surgeons may have different recommendations. Another surgeon who saw Puglisi's X-rays told him he shouldn't run again. "But Dr. Mont was OK with it as long as I waited at least six months after surgery," says Puglisi. "He just told me I couldn't bungee jump or parachute!"
Mont advises the six-month waiting period to give a patient time to build strong muscles. He also says he doesn't "totally condone heavy sporting activities" after resurfacing. "You do it at your own risk," he says, adding that if the resurfaced hip ever fails, it can be converted to a total hip replacement.
Current hip resurfacing technology is too new to know how long the resurfaced hip will last. Puglisi has volunteered to return to Sinai Hospital for an annual checkup for the next 10 years to help clinical investigators gather long-term data on resurfaced hips.
Knee Replacement Surgery
The largest joint in the body, the knee joint is formed where the lower part of the thighbone (femur) joins the upper part of the shinbone (tibia) and the kneecap (patella). Shock-absorbing cartilage covers the surfaces where these three bones touch.
In a standard total knee replacement, the damaged areas of the thighbone, shinbone and kneecap are removed and replaced with prostheses. The ends of the remaining bones are smoothed and reshaped to accommodate the prostheses. Pieces of the artificial knee are typically held in place with bone cement.
A knee replacement usually involves three to four days in the hospital. The recovery period depends on a patient's general health, age, and other factors, but many people can resume their normal activities four to eight weeks after surgery.
"While a knee replacement can dramatically improve the quality of life for a person with debilitating knee pain, it is major surgery," says Gerard Engh, M.D., director of knee research at Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute in Alexandria, Va. "We usually recommend total knee replacements and partial knee replacements after other less invasive treatments have been attempted."
But most who opt for knee joint replacement are generally happy with the results. Ninety percent of those who have total knee replacement report fast pain relief, improved mobility, and better quality of life, according to a panel of independent experts. The panel was convened at a conference in December 2003 sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and cosponsored by the FDA and other federal organizations.
The panel concluded that, overall, total knee replacement surgery is a safe, very successful, and relatively low-risk treatment for decreasing pain and increasing mobility in people who are not helped by nonsurgical treatments. Follow-up studies showed that revision surgery was needed in 10 percent of knee replacements after 10 years, and in 20 percent after 20 years, according to the panel.
The Risks of Replacement
Like any surgery, hip and knee joint replacement carries certain life-threatening risks, such as infection, blood clots and complications from anesthesia. Other complications include nerve damage, dislocation or breakage after surgery, and wearing out or loosening of the joint over time. After hip replacement surgery, one leg may be shorter than the other.
Infection is an ongoing risk for people with joint replacements. Not only can it occur in the hospital, but it can happen years later if bacteria travel through the bloodstream to the replacement area.
In the rare case that an infection spreads to the new joint and does not clear up with antibiotic treatment, the joint must be replaced. This usually requires two surgeries--one to remove the infected joint and another surgery later to insert the new joint. Between surgeries, the infection is treated with antibiotics.
In 2001, the FDA approved a temporary artificial hip for people with hip joint infection. The temporary hip, called Prostalac, can be inserted and left in place for about three months after the infected hip is removed. It consists of a metal stem and ball that fits into the thighbone, a plastic cup that attaches to the hipbone, and a bone cement that contains antibiotics. The antibiotics in the cement, along with oral antibiotics taken by the patient, help to treat the infection. The temporary hip allows a person some movement while healing.
The Wear Problem
The most commonly used FDA-approved joint prostheses for knees and hips are made of metal and plastic. The metal is usually titanium or a mixture of cobalt and chromium. The plastic is a high-density polyethylene.
Although the metal in a prosthesis is highly polished and the polyethylene is intended to be wear-resistant, the daily rubbing of these surfaces against each other during normal movements creates tiny particles of debris. After many years, these wear particles may damage the surrounding bone, loosen the prosthesis, and require another knee or hip joint replacement.
"The 'Achilles tendon' of any artificial joint over the long term is wear," says Anderson Orthopaedic's Engh. "Any time you have parts moving against each other, there has to be wear."
In an effort to solve the wear problem of metal-on-polyethylene in the hip joint, manufacturers have produced hip prostheses with three other kinds of surfaces: metal-on-metal, ceramic-on-polyethylene, and ceramic-on-ceramic. Unlike the clay ceramic used in pottery, the ceramic used in hip joint replacements is made from aluminum or zirconium chemically combined with oxygen for strength and durability.
Metal-on-metal and ceramic hip prostheses are decades old, but modern materials, designs, and manufacturing methods have improved upon earlier versions, says Engh. He cautions that, although modern investigational products have shown good wear in mechanical simulations in the laboratory, it's how well they work in people over the long term that is the real test. "Very often it's best to select an implant that's been on the market for a while rather than something that's brand new," says Engh.
A few metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-ceramic hip prostheses are FDA-approved for use in the general population; others are approved only for use in carefully controlled studies. However, a large number of ceramic-on-polyethylene prostheses are available for use in the general population.
When choosing a prosthesis, the surgeon will consider many factors, including the patient's age, weight, gender, anatomy, activity level, medical history and general health, says A. Seth Greenwald, D.Phil., director of orthopaedic research and education at the Lutheran Hospital in Cleveland, part of the Cleveland Clinic Health System. The device's performance record and the surgeon's own experience with the device also will be considered.
Surgical Skill
Choosing the appropriate prosthesis is only one part of the equation for successful hip or knee joint replacement. "The most important factor in joint replacement success is the surgeon," says Greenwald. "The first question I'd ask the surgeon is, 'How many have you done and what are your complications?'"
Jonathan Garino, M.D., agrees. "There are a number of good devices out there," says Garino, an orthopedic surgeon with the University of Pennsylvania Health System. "But even if you have the best technology in the world, it has to be implanted correctly." It falls to the surgeon to put the device in right, but it falls to the patient to take care of the new joint, says Garino. Regular exercise is important, but high-impact activities, such as running and jumping, generally are discouraged.
The independent panel convened by the NIH in December 2003 to study total knee replacements also concluded that proper surgical technique was one of the most important factors leading to successful knee replacement. Studies have found that the more knee replacements a surgeon performs, the lower the rates of complication, according to the panel. Similarly, complication rates fall in hospitals with increasing numbers of operations performed.
Surgical Techniques
While prosthesis makers are changing designs, materials, and manufacturing methods to try to lengthen the life of artificial knees and hips, surgeons are refining techniques or developing new ones to try to improve the outcomes. Doing surgery through smaller incisions and performing less radical surgeries are among these efforts.
People are seeking minimal-incision knee and hip replacement surgery, says Engh. Instead of the traditional 6- to 12-inch-long incision used in a standard total knee replacement, some surgeons are performing the surgery through a 4- to 5-inch incision. And instead of the typical 10- to 12-inch incision in a total hip replacement, surgeons are operating through one 4-inch cut or two 2-inch cuts.
"The [minimal-incision surgery] technique minimizes trauma to muscles, tissue and tendons and has less bleeding during surgery," says Garino. Patients have less pain after surgery, enabling them to walk with full weight sooner. The hospital stay is usually reduced as well.
"There are many advantages as long as we don't compromise our ability to put the implants in correctly," says Engh, adding that minimal-incision surgery is a more difficult operation to perform. "If you assemble a model ship on a desktop, it's easier to do, but if you try to assemble it within a bottle it is technically more difficult," he says. The technical difficulty also adds to the operating time. "The longer a patient is in surgery, the higher the risk of infection," says Engh.
Not all patients are candidates for minimal-incision surgery. People who are obese, have had previous hip or knee surgery, or those with unusual anatomy may be excluded, says Garino.
Minimally invasive surgery is another option for some patients. At Sinai Hospital, Mont performs a minimally invasive total knee replacement through an incision of 4 to 6 inches, bending the joint through the opening to expose different parts of it to work on. In a standard knee replacement, the entire joint is visible through a longer incision. Mont uses cutting procedures, leg positionings, and techniques that do not involve dislocating parts of the knee as in traditional replacement.
Even as researchers and surgeons continue to offer more options in prostheses and surgical procedures, Garino says the current technology is hard to beat. A hip or knee replacement is likely to last 20 years, he says. "The average patient takes a million steps a year. I challenge you to go home and find something in your house that you use a million times a year that has lasted for 20 years with no maintenance."
How Do You Know It's Time for Surgery?
Jeffrey T. Nugent, M.D., orthopedic surgeon at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta, says that if you are experiencing any of these signs, you should speak to your rheumatologist or orthopedic surgeon about the possibility of joint replacement:
?you are unable to sleep at night because of the pain
?you've tried a series of different medications that don't help alleviate the pain, or the medication you have been on no longer works
?you feel that the pain from your arthritis is keeping you from regular outings, such as visiting friends, going shopping or taking a vacation
?your activity is restricted to the point where you have trouble getting out of a chair, going up stairs, getting off the toilet, or getting up from the floor.
From "All You Need to Know About Joint Surgery," ?2002, Arthritis Foundation
What to Ask the Surgeon
Here are some questions to ask your surgeon about joint replacement:
?What makes someone a good candidate for joint surgery?
?What are the risks involved in joint surgery?
?Would there be any other non-surgical treatments I haven't yet tried that would ease my pain and help me move more easily?
?How would surgery help my particular problem?
?What would not change after the operation?
?How long is the recovery process?
?What is involved in the recovery process?
?What type of procedure would you recommend for me?
?How often in the past year have you performed this operation?
?Can you tell me what the outcome (decreased pain, improved function) has been for most of these patients?
?Can you provide the names of several people I could contact to discuss their experiences with surgery?
From "All You Need to Know About Joint Surgery," ?2002, Arthritis Foundation
This article originally appeared in FDA Consumer magazine.
Orthopaedics market research (Data Monitor)
http://www.datamonitor.com/~6731fb22e67d41d288c38b6dbd570d61~/industries/taxonomy/?iid=HipImpla&gid=
Tuesday, August 01, 2006
Mastering the Gentle Art of Verbal Self Defense [Audio Book]
Part1
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=hmGtvb
Part 2
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=DXn6e7
Part 3
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=6fCWiN
ISBN: 1590400992
Title: Mastering the Gentle Art of Verbal Self Defense [Audiobook]
Author: Suzette Haden Elgin
Publisher: Phoenix Audio
Publication Date: 2001-10
Average Amazon Rating: 4.0
The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense at Work [Audiobook]
by Suzette Haden Elgin (Ph.D.) "SCENARIO ONE Marian Steiner watched open-mouthed as John Martin came barreling through the room almost at a run, his face beet-red, his expensive jacket slung..."
Book Description
Don't turn the other cheek and fume quietly; know what to say when someone throws out the snide backhanded "compliment," subtle insult, cruel criticism, or outright verbal blow.
Inside these pages is an arsenal of tools for fending off that attack and neutralizing the harm spiteful words inflict. Learn to identify modes of verbal assault, such as laying blame, and to recognize when someone is about to launch a linguistic strike and the motivation behind it. Sample scripts prevent you from getting tongue-tied, and a progress journal helps you use voice and body language for maximum effect.
Find out how to handle the eight most common types of verbal violence, and redirect and defuse potential verbal confrontations so skillfully that they rarely happen. Special suggestions are included for college students, men, and women, and for handling emergency situations such as an angry crowd.
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=hmGtvb
Part 2
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=DXn6e7
Part 3
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=6fCWiN
ISBN: 1590400992
Title: Mastering the Gentle Art of Verbal Self Defense [Audiobook]
Author: Suzette Haden Elgin
Publisher: Phoenix Audio
Publication Date: 2001-10
Average Amazon Rating: 4.0
The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense at Work [Audiobook]
by Suzette Haden Elgin (Ph.D.) "SCENARIO ONE Marian Steiner watched open-mouthed as John Martin came barreling through the room almost at a run, his face beet-red, his expensive jacket slung..."
Book Description
Don't turn the other cheek and fume quietly; know what to say when someone throws out the snide backhanded "compliment," subtle insult, cruel criticism, or outright verbal blow.
Inside these pages is an arsenal of tools for fending off that attack and neutralizing the harm spiteful words inflict. Learn to identify modes of verbal assault, such as laying blame, and to recognize when someone is about to launch a linguistic strike and the motivation behind it. Sample scripts prevent you from getting tongue-tied, and a progress journal helps you use voice and body language for maximum effect.
Find out how to handle the eight most common types of verbal violence, and redirect and defuse potential verbal confrontations so skillfully that they rarely happen. Special suggestions are included for college students, men, and women, and for handling emergency situations such as an angry crowd.
Handbook of Detergents, Part A - Properties (Surfactant Science Series)
Handbook of Detergents, Part A - Properties
by Guy Broze (Editor)
Hardcover: 814 pages
Publisher: CRC; 1 edition (April 14, 1999)
Language: English
ISBN: 0824714172
A scanned book (no OCR), available thanks to JannLee.
Book Description
Part A of this handbook describes the raw materials and potential interactions of detergent products before, during and after use, focusing on the development and mechanisms of action of cleaning components. The text presents the basic physiochemical concepts necessary to formulate new, safer and more effective detergent products.
I added Cover Front and Back pages, bookmarks and page links in Contents and Index.
pdf 56.8 Mb, rar 5*10+4.2 Mb
http://rapidshare.de/files/27750350/HODPAP1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27750590/HODPAP2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27750839/HODPAP3.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27751130/HODPAP4.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27751566/HODPAP5.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27754388/HODPAP6.rar.html
pass: tFHODPAP1.rar
by Guy Broze (Editor)
Hardcover: 814 pages
Publisher: CRC; 1 edition (April 14, 1999)
Language: English
ISBN: 0824714172
A scanned book (no OCR), available thanks to JannLee.
Book Description
Part A of this handbook describes the raw materials and potential interactions of detergent products before, during and after use, focusing on the development and mechanisms of action of cleaning components. The text presents the basic physiochemical concepts necessary to formulate new, safer and more effective detergent products.
I added Cover Front and Back pages, bookmarks and page links in Contents and Index.
pdf 56.8 Mb, rar 5*10+4.2 Mb
http://rapidshare.de/files/27750350/HODPAP1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27750590/HODPAP2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27750839/HODPAP3.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27751130/HODPAP4.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27751566/HODPAP5.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/27754388/HODPAP6.rar.html
pass: tFHODPAP1.rar
Einsteins Relativity and the Quantum Revolution: Modern Physics for Non-Scientists, 2nd Edition (Teaching Company) [Audio Book]
(24 lectures, 30 minutes/lecture)
Taught by Richard Wolfson
Middlebury College
Ph.D., Dartmouth College
Download Details:
http://rapidshare.de/files/27596412/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part01.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27598871/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part02.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27600857/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part03.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27602713/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part04.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27606879/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part05.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27608401/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part06.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27610094/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part07.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27611650/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part08.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27612386/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part09.rar
20.08 MB
Pass: Mao Zedong
"It doesn't take an Einstein to understand modern physics," says Professor Richard Wolfson at the outset of this course on what may well be the most important subject in the universe.
Relativity and quantum physics touch the very basis of physical reality, altering our common-sense notions of space and time, cause and effect. Both have reputations for being bewilderingly complex. But the basic ideas behind relativity and quantum physics are, in fact, simple and comprehensible by anyone. As Professor Wolfson points out, the essence of relativity is summed up in a single, concise sentence: the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion.
The same goes for quantum theory, which is based on the principle that the "stuff" of the universe—matter and energy—is not infinitely divisible but comes in discrete chunks called "quanta."
Profound... Beautiful... Relevant
Why should you care about these landmark theories? Because relativity and quantum physics are not only profound and beautiful ideas in their own right, they are also the gateway to understanding many of the latest science stories in the media. These are the stories about time travel, string theory, black holes, space telescopes, particle accelerators, and other cutting edge developments.
Consider this:
* Although Einstein's theory of general relativity dates from 1914, it has not been possible to test certain predictions until recently. The Hubble Space Telescope is providing some of the most striking confirmations of the theory, including certain evidence for the existence of black holes, objects that warp space and time so that not even light can escape. Also, the expansion of the universe predicted by the theory of general relativity is now a known rate.
* General relativity also predicts an even weirder phenomenon called "wormholes" that offer shortcuts to remote reaches of time and space.
* A seemingly absurd consequence of quantum mechanics, called "quantum tunneling," makes it possible for objects to materialize through impenetrable barriers. Quantum tunneling happens all the time on the subatomic scale and plays an important role in electronic devices and the nuclear processes that keep the sun shining.
* Some predictions about the expansion of the universe were so odd that Einstein himself tried to rewrite the mathematics in order to eliminate them. Upon Hubble's discovery of the expansion of the universe, Einstein called the revisions the biggest mistake he had ever made.
* An intriguing thought experiment called "Schrödinger's cat" suggests that a cat in an enclosed box is simultaneously alive and dead under experimental conditions involving quantum phenomena.
From Aristotle to the Theory of Everything
Professor Wolfson begins with a brief overview of theories of physical reality starting with Aristotle and culminating in Newtonian or "classical" physics. Then he outlines the logic that led to Einstein's theory of special relativity, and the simple yet far-reaching insight on which it rests.
With that insight in mind, you move on to consider Einstein's theory of general relativity and its interpretation of gravitation in terms of the curvature of space and time.
Professor Wolfson then shows how inquiry into matter at the atomic and subatomic scales led to quandaries that are resolved—or at least clarified—by quantum mechanics, a vision of physical reality so at odds with our experience that it nearly defies language.
Bringing relativity and quantum mechanics into the same picture leads to hypotheses about the origin, development, and possible futures of the entire universe, and the possibility that physics can produce a "theory of everything" to account for all aspects of the physical world.
Fascinating Incidents and Ideas
Along the way, you'll explore these fascinating incidents and ideas:
* In the 1880s, Albert Michelson and Edward Morley conducted an experiment to determine the motion of Earth relative to the ether, which was a supposedly imponderable substance pervading all of space. You'll learn about their experiment, its shocking result, and the resulting theoretical crisis.
* In 1905, a young Swiss patent clerk named Albert Einstein resolved the crisis by discarding the ether concept and asserting the principle of relativity—that the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion.
* Relativity implies that the time order of events can be different in different reference frames. Does this wreak havoc with cause and effect? And why does Einstein assert that nothing can go faster than light?
* Shortly after publishing his 1905 paper on special relativity, Einstein realized that his theory required a fundamental equivalence between mass and energy, which he expressed in the equation E=mc2. Among other things, this famous formula means that the energy contained in a single raisin could power a large city for a whole day.
* Historically, the path to general relativity followed Einstein's attempt to incorporate gravity into relativity theory, which led to his understanding of gravity not as a force, but as a local manifestation of geometry in curved spacetime.
* Quantum theory places severe limits on our ability to observe nature at the atomic scale, because it implies that the act of observation necessarily disturbs that which is being observed. The result is Werner Heisenberg's famous "uncertainty principle."
* Are quarks, the particles that make up protons and neutrons, the truly elementary particles? What are the three fundamental forces that physicists identify as holding particles together? Could they be manifestations of a single, universal force?
A Teaching Legend
On his own Middlebury College campus, Professor Wolfson is a teaching legend with an infectious enthusiasm for his subject and a knack for conveying difficult concepts in a way that fosters true understanding. He is the author of an introductory text on physics, a contributor to the esteemed publication Scientific American, and a specialist in interpreting science for the nonspecialist.
Taught by Richard Wolfson
Middlebury College
Ph.D., Dartmouth College
Download Details:
http://rapidshare.de/files/27596412/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part01.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27598871/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part02.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27600857/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part03.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27602713/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part04.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27606879/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part05.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27608401/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part06.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27610094/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part07.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27611650/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part08.rar
38.15 MB
http://rapidshare.de/files/27612386/Einstein_s_Relativity_and_the_Quantum_Revolution.part09.rar
20.08 MB
Pass: Mao Zedong
"It doesn't take an Einstein to understand modern physics," says Professor Richard Wolfson at the outset of this course on what may well be the most important subject in the universe.
Relativity and quantum physics touch the very basis of physical reality, altering our common-sense notions of space and time, cause and effect. Both have reputations for being bewilderingly complex. But the basic ideas behind relativity and quantum physics are, in fact, simple and comprehensible by anyone. As Professor Wolfson points out, the essence of relativity is summed up in a single, concise sentence: the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion.
The same goes for quantum theory, which is based on the principle that the "stuff" of the universe—matter and energy—is not infinitely divisible but comes in discrete chunks called "quanta."
Profound... Beautiful... Relevant
Why should you care about these landmark theories? Because relativity and quantum physics are not only profound and beautiful ideas in their own right, they are also the gateway to understanding many of the latest science stories in the media. These are the stories about time travel, string theory, black holes, space telescopes, particle accelerators, and other cutting edge developments.
Consider this:
* Although Einstein's theory of general relativity dates from 1914, it has not been possible to test certain predictions until recently. The Hubble Space Telescope is providing some of the most striking confirmations of the theory, including certain evidence for the existence of black holes, objects that warp space and time so that not even light can escape. Also, the expansion of the universe predicted by the theory of general relativity is now a known rate.
* General relativity also predicts an even weirder phenomenon called "wormholes" that offer shortcuts to remote reaches of time and space.
* A seemingly absurd consequence of quantum mechanics, called "quantum tunneling," makes it possible for objects to materialize through impenetrable barriers. Quantum tunneling happens all the time on the subatomic scale and plays an important role in electronic devices and the nuclear processes that keep the sun shining.
* Some predictions about the expansion of the universe were so odd that Einstein himself tried to rewrite the mathematics in order to eliminate them. Upon Hubble's discovery of the expansion of the universe, Einstein called the revisions the biggest mistake he had ever made.
* An intriguing thought experiment called "Schrödinger's cat" suggests that a cat in an enclosed box is simultaneously alive and dead under experimental conditions involving quantum phenomena.
From Aristotle to the Theory of Everything
Professor Wolfson begins with a brief overview of theories of physical reality starting with Aristotle and culminating in Newtonian or "classical" physics. Then he outlines the logic that led to Einstein's theory of special relativity, and the simple yet far-reaching insight on which it rests.
With that insight in mind, you move on to consider Einstein's theory of general relativity and its interpretation of gravitation in terms of the curvature of space and time.
Professor Wolfson then shows how inquiry into matter at the atomic and subatomic scales led to quandaries that are resolved—or at least clarified—by quantum mechanics, a vision of physical reality so at odds with our experience that it nearly defies language.
Bringing relativity and quantum mechanics into the same picture leads to hypotheses about the origin, development, and possible futures of the entire universe, and the possibility that physics can produce a "theory of everything" to account for all aspects of the physical world.
Fascinating Incidents and Ideas
Along the way, you'll explore these fascinating incidents and ideas:
* In the 1880s, Albert Michelson and Edward Morley conducted an experiment to determine the motion of Earth relative to the ether, which was a supposedly imponderable substance pervading all of space. You'll learn about their experiment, its shocking result, and the resulting theoretical crisis.
* In 1905, a young Swiss patent clerk named Albert Einstein resolved the crisis by discarding the ether concept and asserting the principle of relativity—that the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion.
* Relativity implies that the time order of events can be different in different reference frames. Does this wreak havoc with cause and effect? And why does Einstein assert that nothing can go faster than light?
* Shortly after publishing his 1905 paper on special relativity, Einstein realized that his theory required a fundamental equivalence between mass and energy, which he expressed in the equation E=mc2. Among other things, this famous formula means that the energy contained in a single raisin could power a large city for a whole day.
* Historically, the path to general relativity followed Einstein's attempt to incorporate gravity into relativity theory, which led to his understanding of gravity not as a force, but as a local manifestation of geometry in curved spacetime.
* Quantum theory places severe limits on our ability to observe nature at the atomic scale, because it implies that the act of observation necessarily disturbs that which is being observed. The result is Werner Heisenberg's famous "uncertainty principle."
* Are quarks, the particles that make up protons and neutrons, the truly elementary particles? What are the three fundamental forces that physicists identify as holding particles together? Could they be manifestations of a single, universal force?
A Teaching Legend
On his own Middlebury College campus, Professor Wolfson is a teaching legend with an infectious enthusiasm for his subject and a knack for conveying difficult concepts in a way that fosters true understanding. He is the author of an introductory text on physics, a contributor to the esteemed publication Scientific American, and a specialist in interpreting science for the nonspecialist.
Your Sixth Sense: Activating Your Psychic Potential [Audiobook]
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=suFNCD
ISBN: 0694518069
Title: Your Sixth Sense: Activating Your Psychic Potential [Audiobook]
Author: Belleruth Naparstek
Publisher: HarperAudio
Publication Date: 1997-04-01
Average Amazon Rating: 4.5
Your Sixth Sense: Activating Your Psychic Potential [AUDIOBOOK]
Using the same guided imagery techniques she teaches her clients, Belleruth Naparstek shows the reader how to train and use the sixth sense in the same manner one would use any of the other five senses in order to perceive things beyond normal cognition. Naparstek's guided imagery approach not only increases psychic sensitivity, but benefits one's emotional and physical well-being. The approach taken in Your Sixth Sense is clear and systematic, revealing the mechanisms behind the sixth sense, and avoiding the sideshow tendencies of other books on the subject.
From AudioFile
Belleruth Naparstek is one of America's foremost teachers, psychotherapists and lecturers on the subject of psychic phenomena and intuition. Naparstek encourages the listener to discover his or her deepest powers of psychic perception. On cassette one, she painstakingly explores the realm of psychic ability and guides the listener through a step-by-step program that develops this capability. Cassette two contains guided imagery accompanied by stirring music. Throughout both cassettes Naparstek's performance creates an atmosphere of soothing tranquility. Her warm and inviting voice provides a hypnotic force that invokes a tranquil yet energized state of mind. This magical narration stirs the imagination and stimlulates the "third eye." B.J.P. (c)AudioFile, Portland, Maine
Christiane Northrup, M.D., author of Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom
"Belleruth's insights are practical, grounded, validating and helpful. This is a well-researched, thoughtful how-to book . . . There is truly something here for everyone."
Book Description
"Belleruth's insights are practical, grounded, validating and helpful. This is a well-researched, thoughtful how-to book . . . There is truly something here for everyone." - Christiane Northrup, M.D., author of Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom
You know the feeling-dÉjÀ vu, knowing what someone will say before they speak, a gut instinct that overrides logic, hearing from a distant friend you'd only just thought of that day. It happens to everyone but few of us acknowledge these occurrences as manifestations of our own intuitive ability. Now, bestselling author and psychotherapist Belleruth Naparstek reclaims the world of psychic phenomena from its sideshow trappings, examining the scientific data and showing each of us how to tap our own latent powers of awareness and perception.
Naparstek, one of the country's leading teachers and speakers on developing the powers of the mind and heart, has trained thousands of individuals in using guided imagery techniques for psychic development and improved health and healing. Her powerful techniques have reached a wide audience-from "the intuitively gifted to those whose third eye seemed virtually cemented shut."
Your Sixth Sense provides both a thorough exploration of the nature of psychic ability-how and why it works-on the first cassette of the recording, along with specific suggestions designed to help you foster, track, and illuminate your own rich output of psychic experience. On the second cassette, Naparstek gives several guided imagery exercises with music to help recreate the state of mind conducive to intuitive perception that can be used again and again.
Read by the author.
About the Author
Belleruth Naparstek is the author of Staying Well with Guided Imagery and creator of the bestselling Health Journeys series of guided imagery audiotapes. A practicing psychotherapist, she is a nationally recognized expert in the applications of guided imagery.
ISBN: 0694518069
Title: Your Sixth Sense: Activating Your Psychic Potential [Audiobook]
Author: Belleruth Naparstek
Publisher: HarperAudio
Publication Date: 1997-04-01
Average Amazon Rating: 4.5
Your Sixth Sense: Activating Your Psychic Potential [AUDIOBOOK]
Using the same guided imagery techniques she teaches her clients, Belleruth Naparstek shows the reader how to train and use the sixth sense in the same manner one would use any of the other five senses in order to perceive things beyond normal cognition. Naparstek's guided imagery approach not only increases psychic sensitivity, but benefits one's emotional and physical well-being. The approach taken in Your Sixth Sense is clear and systematic, revealing the mechanisms behind the sixth sense, and avoiding the sideshow tendencies of other books on the subject.
From AudioFile
Belleruth Naparstek is one of America's foremost teachers, psychotherapists and lecturers on the subject of psychic phenomena and intuition. Naparstek encourages the listener to discover his or her deepest powers of psychic perception. On cassette one, she painstakingly explores the realm of psychic ability and guides the listener through a step-by-step program that develops this capability. Cassette two contains guided imagery accompanied by stirring music. Throughout both cassettes Naparstek's performance creates an atmosphere of soothing tranquility. Her warm and inviting voice provides a hypnotic force that invokes a tranquil yet energized state of mind. This magical narration stirs the imagination and stimlulates the "third eye." B.J.P. (c)AudioFile, Portland, Maine
Christiane Northrup, M.D., author of Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom
"Belleruth's insights are practical, grounded, validating and helpful. This is a well-researched, thoughtful how-to book . . . There is truly something here for everyone."
Book Description
"Belleruth's insights are practical, grounded, validating and helpful. This is a well-researched, thoughtful how-to book . . . There is truly something here for everyone." - Christiane Northrup, M.D., author of Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom
You know the feeling-dÉjÀ vu, knowing what someone will say before they speak, a gut instinct that overrides logic, hearing from a distant friend you'd only just thought of that day. It happens to everyone but few of us acknowledge these occurrences as manifestations of our own intuitive ability. Now, bestselling author and psychotherapist Belleruth Naparstek reclaims the world of psychic phenomena from its sideshow trappings, examining the scientific data and showing each of us how to tap our own latent powers of awareness and perception.
Naparstek, one of the country's leading teachers and speakers on developing the powers of the mind and heart, has trained thousands of individuals in using guided imagery techniques for psychic development and improved health and healing. Her powerful techniques have reached a wide audience-from "the intuitively gifted to those whose third eye seemed virtually cemented shut."
Your Sixth Sense provides both a thorough exploration of the nature of psychic ability-how and why it works-on the first cassette of the recording, along with specific suggestions designed to help you foster, track, and illuminate your own rich output of psychic experience. On the second cassette, Naparstek gives several guided imagery exercises with music to help recreate the state of mind conducive to intuitive perception that can be used again and again.
Read by the author.
About the Author
Belleruth Naparstek is the author of Staying Well with Guided Imagery and creator of the bestselling Health Journeys series of guided imagery audiotapes. A practicing psychotherapist, she is a nationally recognized expert in the applications of guided imagery.
Mastering the Gentle Art of Verbal Self Defense [Audiobook]
Part1
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=hmGtvb
Part 2
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=DXn6e7
Part 3
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=6fCWiN
ISBN: 1590400992
Title: Mastering the Gentle Art of Verbal Self Defense [Audiobook]
Author: Suzette Haden Elgin
Publisher: Phoenix Audio
Publication Date: 2001-10
Average Amazon Rating: 4.0
The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense at Work [Audiobook]
by Suzette Haden Elgin (Ph.D.) "SCENARIO ONE Marian Steiner watched open-mouthed as John Martin came barreling through the room almost at a run, his face beet-red, his expensive jacket slung..."
Book Description
Don't turn the other cheek and fume quietly; know what to say when someone throws out the snide backhanded "compliment," subtle insult, cruel criticism, or outright verbal blow.
Inside these pages is an arsenal of tools for fending off that attack and neutralizing the harm spiteful words inflict. Learn to identify modes of verbal assault, such as laying blame, and to recognize when someone is about to launch a linguistic strike and the motivation behind it. Sample scripts prevent you from getting tongue-tied, and a progress journal helps you use voice and body language for maximum effect.
Find out how to handle the eight most common types of verbal violence, and redirect and defuse potential verbal confrontations so skillfully that they rarely happen. Special suggestions are included for college students, men, and women, and for handling emergency situations such as an angry crowd.
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=hmGtvb
Part 2
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=DXn6e7
Part 3
http://www.ebooksclub.org/?link=6fCWiN
ISBN: 1590400992
Title: Mastering the Gentle Art of Verbal Self Defense [Audiobook]
Author: Suzette Haden Elgin
Publisher: Phoenix Audio
Publication Date: 2001-10
Average Amazon Rating: 4.0
The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense at Work [Audiobook]
by Suzette Haden Elgin (Ph.D.) "SCENARIO ONE Marian Steiner watched open-mouthed as John Martin came barreling through the room almost at a run, his face beet-red, his expensive jacket slung..."
Book Description
Don't turn the other cheek and fume quietly; know what to say when someone throws out the snide backhanded "compliment," subtle insult, cruel criticism, or outright verbal blow.
Inside these pages is an arsenal of tools for fending off that attack and neutralizing the harm spiteful words inflict. Learn to identify modes of verbal assault, such as laying blame, and to recognize when someone is about to launch a linguistic strike and the motivation behind it. Sample scripts prevent you from getting tongue-tied, and a progress journal helps you use voice and body language for maximum effect.
Find out how to handle the eight most common types of verbal violence, and redirect and defuse potential verbal confrontations so skillfully that they rarely happen. Special suggestions are included for college students, men, and women, and for handling emergency situations such as an angry crowd.
The Brain Supercharger Mind Lab 1999 [Audio Book]
All thanks goes to jeffjose who posted this in Audio Books
added here to index the ISBN into the database
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/189280509X.01._SS500_SCLZZZZZZZ_V1086833516_.jpg
The Brain Supercharger Mind Lab (Audio CD)
by Dane Spotts
Audio CD
Publisher: Lifequest Publishing Group (October 1999)
ISBN: 189280509X
http://rapidshare.de/files/21315455/1Ultra_Success.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21315730/1Ultra_Success.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21316660/2_Ultra_Wieght_Control.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21316925/2_Ultra_Wieght_Control.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21317771/3_Winning_Personality_and_Self_image.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21318048/3_Winning_Personality_and_Self_image.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21318839/4_SoaringSelf_Confidence.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21319099/4_SoaringSelf_Confidence.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21319930/5_Attract_Wealth_and_Prosperi.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21320179/5_Attract_Wealth_and_Prosperi.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21321026/6_Mastering_Stress.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21321320/6_Mastering_Stress.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21322287/7_Unleash_Creativity.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21322586/7_Unleash_Creativity.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21323581/8_SuperMemory_Accelerated_Learning.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21323880/8_SuperMemory_Accelerated_Learning.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21324943/9_sports_performance.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21325300/9_sports_performance.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21326392/10_improve_love_relationships.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21326816/10_improve_love_relationships.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21328127/11_super_immunity___health.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21328599/11_super_immunity___health.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21329925/12_enhanced__pychsic_awarness.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21314511/12_enhanced__pychsic_awarness.part2.rar.html
Book Description
A breakthrough audio technology that alters consciousness opening a doorway into your subconscious to rewire negative self-sabotaging beliefs. Using a powerful combination of sound frequencies and special audio effects, your body becomes extremely relaxed as your mind is driven inward and fed a steady flow of psychic energy. Words can hardly describe the experience but it's like taking a 2 week vacation in 28 minutes.
What does a session feel like? One user described it as, "...it felt like I was sticking my tongue into a 220 volt electrical socket." Another said "It was as if I was being launched into another dimension." Training your brain to enter these dream-like alpha-theta mind states can have enormous benefits. Users report reduced stress, enhanced creativity, peak experiences, and feelings of psychological well-being. Even out-of-body experiences. Dr. Cory, author of a double blind study reports, "Daily usage seems to have a profound effect on the mental functioning of its listener...the Brain Supercharger¨ appears to alter the personality of its users in essentially positive and life-enhancing ways."
Pick a title (12 are included in your Mind Lab) and plug in via stereo headphones. The Brain Supercharger automatically meditates you by synchronizing your brain state into an optimal psycho-physical pattern for deep meditation and expanded awareness. Along with the Brain Supercharger technology each of your 12 CD titles also incorporate a proprietary "mind scripting" technique designed to bombard your subconscious with positive programming. A second (booster) soundtrack for added reinforcement is included on each CD.
This is powerful mind technology guaranteed to not only supercharge your brain, but your life.
BRAIN SUPERCHARGER MIND LAB INCLUDES:
12 Brain Supercharger Titles 1. Ultra Success Conditioning, 2. Ultra Weight Control, 3. Winning Personality/Self-Image, 4. Attract Wealth & Prosperity, 5. Soaring Self-Confidence, 6. Mastering Stress, 7. Unleash Creativity, 8. Super Memory/ Accelerated Learning, 9. Sports Performance, 10. Improve Love Relationships, 11. Super Immunity/Health, 12. Enhanced Psychic Awareness
Mind Scripting Technology - Each Brain Supercharger CD includes 2 soundtracks with Mind scripting technology designed to open a window into the unconscious and implant positive programming.
About the Author
Dane Spotts is the CEO of PSI TECH. He is also the founder and president of LifeQuest Industries, (formerly Zygon) a venture development group involved in cutting edge mind research projects.
A successful entrepreneur, he started his first business at age 20 and used the profits of his various enterprises to create mind tools. His inventions include the Brain Supercharger technology designed to shift consciousness and reprogram negative self-sabotaging beliefs, the SuperMind / MindQuest mind programming computer, and the Learning Machine®, which incorporates a patented 5-step accelerated learning process using light/sound sensory technology.
Dane Spotts is also the author of Super Brain Power: 28 Minutes to a Supercharged Brain and The Photographic Mind along with dozens of audio programs including: The Secret of Living the Perfect Life, Mind Power Secrets, How to Find Your Mission in Life & The Millionaire's Mind. Several of his programs have been purchased by the Central Intelligence Agency.
In July 2000, when Dane Spotts joined PSI TECH as an executive partner, he and Jonina Dourif merged PSI TECH with its new sister company, Mind Tek Research. Dane Spotts has committed to aggressively oversee the continuity and continued progress of PSI TECH and Technical Remote Viewing.
added here to index the ISBN into the database
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/189280509X.01._SS500_SCLZZZZZZZ_V1086833516_.jpg
The Brain Supercharger Mind Lab (Audio CD)
by Dane Spotts
Audio CD
Publisher: Lifequest Publishing Group (October 1999)
ISBN: 189280509X
http://rapidshare.de/files/21315455/1Ultra_Success.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21315730/1Ultra_Success.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21316660/2_Ultra_Wieght_Control.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21316925/2_Ultra_Wieght_Control.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21317771/3_Winning_Personality_and_Self_image.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21318048/3_Winning_Personality_and_Self_image.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21318839/4_SoaringSelf_Confidence.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21319099/4_SoaringSelf_Confidence.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21319930/5_Attract_Wealth_and_Prosperi.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21320179/5_Attract_Wealth_and_Prosperi.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21321026/6_Mastering_Stress.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21321320/6_Mastering_Stress.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21322287/7_Unleash_Creativity.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21322586/7_Unleash_Creativity.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21323581/8_SuperMemory_Accelerated_Learning.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21323880/8_SuperMemory_Accelerated_Learning.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21324943/9_sports_performance.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21325300/9_sports_performance.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21326392/10_improve_love_relationships.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21326816/10_improve_love_relationships.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21328127/11_super_immunity___health.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21328599/11_super_immunity___health.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21329925/12_enhanced__pychsic_awarness.part1.rar.html
http://rapidshare.de/files/21314511/12_enhanced__pychsic_awarness.part2.rar.html
Book Description
A breakthrough audio technology that alters consciousness opening a doorway into your subconscious to rewire negative self-sabotaging beliefs. Using a powerful combination of sound frequencies and special audio effects, your body becomes extremely relaxed as your mind is driven inward and fed a steady flow of psychic energy. Words can hardly describe the experience but it's like taking a 2 week vacation in 28 minutes.
What does a session feel like? One user described it as, "...it felt like I was sticking my tongue into a 220 volt electrical socket." Another said "It was as if I was being launched into another dimension." Training your brain to enter these dream-like alpha-theta mind states can have enormous benefits. Users report reduced stress, enhanced creativity, peak experiences, and feelings of psychological well-being. Even out-of-body experiences. Dr. Cory, author of a double blind study reports, "Daily usage seems to have a profound effect on the mental functioning of its listener...the Brain Supercharger¨ appears to alter the personality of its users in essentially positive and life-enhancing ways."
Pick a title (12 are included in your Mind Lab) and plug in via stereo headphones. The Brain Supercharger automatically meditates you by synchronizing your brain state into an optimal psycho-physical pattern for deep meditation and expanded awareness. Along with the Brain Supercharger technology each of your 12 CD titles also incorporate a proprietary "mind scripting" technique designed to bombard your subconscious with positive programming. A second (booster) soundtrack for added reinforcement is included on each CD.
This is powerful mind technology guaranteed to not only supercharge your brain, but your life.
BRAIN SUPERCHARGER MIND LAB INCLUDES:
12 Brain Supercharger Titles 1. Ultra Success Conditioning, 2. Ultra Weight Control, 3. Winning Personality/Self-Image, 4. Attract Wealth & Prosperity, 5. Soaring Self-Confidence, 6. Mastering Stress, 7. Unleash Creativity, 8. Super Memory/ Accelerated Learning, 9. Sports Performance, 10. Improve Love Relationships, 11. Super Immunity/Health, 12. Enhanced Psychic Awareness
Mind Scripting Technology - Each Brain Supercharger CD includes 2 soundtracks with Mind scripting technology designed to open a window into the unconscious and implant positive programming.
About the Author
Dane Spotts is the CEO of PSI TECH. He is also the founder and president of LifeQuest Industries, (formerly Zygon) a venture development group involved in cutting edge mind research projects.
A successful entrepreneur, he started his first business at age 20 and used the profits of his various enterprises to create mind tools. His inventions include the Brain Supercharger technology designed to shift consciousness and reprogram negative self-sabotaging beliefs, the SuperMind / MindQuest mind programming computer, and the Learning Machine®, which incorporates a patented 5-step accelerated learning process using light/sound sensory technology.
Dane Spotts is also the author of Super Brain Power: 28 Minutes to a Supercharged Brain and The Photographic Mind along with dozens of audio programs including: The Secret of Living the Perfect Life, Mind Power Secrets, How to Find Your Mission in Life & The Millionaire's Mind. Several of his programs have been purchased by the Central Intelligence Agency.
In July 2000, when Dane Spotts joined PSI TECH as an executive partner, he and Jonina Dourif merged PSI TECH with its new sister company, Mind Tek Research. Dane Spotts has committed to aggressively oversee the continuity and continued progress of PSI TECH and Technical Remote Viewing.
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