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Thursday, February 28, 2008

Duplicity in publishing papers

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(08)70001-4

ScienceDirect - Materials Today Duplicity in publishing papers

Volume 11, Issue 3, March 2008, Page 1

Editorial

Duplicity in publishing papers

Jonathan Wood, Editor, Materials Today

Available online 15 February 2008.



Tools that compare papers for similarities could reduce plagiarism and duplicate publications.






How big a problem is plagiarism? We might suspect that a fair amount of dubious publishing practices go on, such as publishing the same results more than once, submitting a paper to more than one journal, or reproducing others' work without acknowledgement. It seems to have become more prevalent as pressures to publish increase.

But how do we begin to identify incidences of plagiarism? It is surely not enough to go by anecdotal reports, or rely on researchers to highlight cases as they come across them by chance in the literature. Well, it's probably not that difficult. Computer-based tools that search documents for similarities have been around for a while and are widely used to identify cheating in school and college exams. Now Harold Garner and Mounir Errami at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center have developed a computer code that checks multiple documents for duplication of key words and compares word order and proximity. Applying their eTBLAST program to >7 million abstracts in Medline, 70 000 papers came back as being highly similar [Nature (2008) 451, 397].

Now there are a number of circumstances where significant duplication is to be expected and is wholly ethical. These include updates to clinical trials, conference papers, and corrections to papers. But Garner and Errami are determined in their pursuit of unethical practices. They have placed the 70 000 potential duplicate papers on a publically available database, Déjà vu (http://spore.swmed.edu/dejavu), and have begun to check them manually (quite a task!). Already, one suspected case of plagiarism has reportedly resulted in an investigation by a journal. “We can identify near-duplicate publications using our search engine,” says Garner. “But neither the computer nor we can make judgment calls as to whether an article is plagiarized or otherwise unethical. That task must be left to human reviewers, such as university ethics committees and journal editors.”

That does point to one problem: whose responsibility is it to chase cases of unethical practice, journals or universities? The simplicity of instigating such computational tools probably points toward the journals in identifying suspect papers (and many publishers are jointly investigating the best way to proceed), but subsequent steps are more open to debate.

I am convinced that it would be a very worthwhile step. Caution needs to be applied with suspect papers and common standards about how much new work is needed for a new paper need to be agreed upon, but clear-cut cases should be discovered in this way. But it does lead me to wonder what else is possible? Can figures be checked for manipulation or duplication? This is where scientific fraud and misrepresentation of data most often happen.

The top ten advances in materials science

http://www.materialstoday.com/archive/2008/11-01/top10.html

The top ten advances in materials science

What are the defining discoveries, moments of inspiration, or shifts in understanding that have shaped the dynamic field of materials science we know today? Here’s what we think are the most significant.

December 19, 2007

Jonathan Wood
Editor, Materials Today
E-mail: j.wood@elsevier.com

Read this article in pdf format

The ending of one year and the beginning of the next is a strange time. It is very human to mark the passing of time, remembering what has been done before looking forward to what’s to come. As the New Year arrives, whether you prefer peaceful reflection or joyous celebration, awards or resolutions, one thing is clear from any newspaper or magazine. It is, above all, a time to draw up lists. Who are we to disagree?

We’ve assembled a list of the top ten advances in materials science over the last 50 years. We thought long and hard. We sought the advice of our editorial advisory panel and asked leaders in the field to add their own contributions. We hope the results are interesting and thought-provoking.

In making the final selection, we have tried to focus on the advances that have either changed our lives or are in the process of changing them. This is arguable, of course. Should an advance alter all our daily lives, or does fundamentally changing the research arena count? What about discoveries that can be clearly attributed to a certain date and investigator, or those developments that have come about incrementally through the efforts of many? Where does materials science stop and electronics, physics, or chemistry begin? And how do you assess the value of things like plastic bags? Undeniably they are a boon for carrying shopping but now also an item of scorn for energy and waste reasons.

Instead of ruling any of these out, we’ve tried to come up with a balanced selection. In doing so, we hope to start some debate about the discoveries that most mark out today’s materials science. Let us know what we’ve missed. If you’re incredulous that organic electronics or high-temperature superconductors aren’t in the top ten, tell us why. Should Kevlar, Post-it notes, float glass, or F1 racing tires be in the list? What will define the next 50 years of materials science?

If you believe materials scientists are unsung heroes, that our work goes unnoticed and unheralded, here is your ammunition. With our time limit of 50 years, the list is of immediate relevance. It is about how materials science is affecting our world today, now.

1. International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors


Semiconductor research is guided by the ITRS. (Courtesy of SEMATECH.)
OK, so it’s not a research discovery, solely a way of organizing research priorities and planning R&D. But the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) is a remarkable achievement (see The history of the ITRS). It sets out goals for innovation, technology needs, and measures for progress that all can sign up to in the fiercely competitive microelectronics industry.

A mixture of science, technology, and economics, it’s hard to see how the ITRS could do better in driving forward advances in this area, whether it’s in materials, characterization, fabrication, or device design. And it is an appropriate first choice in this list. Not only is electronics absolutely critical to our modern world, progress in semiconductor processing and advances in materials science have gone hand-in-hand for the last 50 years.

Let’s just hope the International Panel on Climate Change enjoys similar success in driving innovation and reaching agreed goals.

2. Scanning probe microscopes

The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) by Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig at IBM’s Zurich Research Laboratory was deservedly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986.


Rohrer (left) and Binnig (right) with a first-generation scanning tunneling microscope. (Courtesy of IBM Zurich Research Laboratory.)
Not only is this a new microscopy technique – remarkable enough in itself – but it provides a way to probe the local properties of a sample directly with nanometer resolution. Quickly followed by the atomic force microscope (AFM), this new access to the nanoscale world (see Making sense of the nanoworld), arguably brought about the current ubiquity of nanotechnology. The invention immeasurably increased our abilities at this scale.

3. Giant magnetoresistive effect

The 2007 Nobel Prize for Physics went jointly to Albert Fert of Université Paris-Sud, France, and Peter Grünberg of Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, for independently discovering the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect in 1988. So it is no surprise to see this advance on our list.

GMR describes the large change in electrical resistance seen in stacked layers of magnetic and nonmagnetic materials when an external magnetic field is altered. Thanks largely to the subsequent work of Stuart Parkin and coworkers at IBM Research, the phenomenon has been put to great effect in the read heads in hard disk drives. These devices are able to read out the information stored magnetically on a hard disk through changes in electrical current.

The high sensitivity of GMR read heads to tiny magnetic fields means that the magnetic bits on the hard disk can be greatly reduced in size. The phenomenal expansion in our ability to store data that we continue to witness today can be traced back to this discovery.

4. Semiconductor lasers and LEDs

The development of semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in 1962 is a great materials science story (seeThe III-V laser and LED after 45 years). They are now the basis of telecommunications, CD and DVD players, laser printers, barcode readers, you name it. The advent of solid-state lighting is also likely to make a significant contribution to reducing our energy usage.

5. National Nanotechnology Initiative

Bill Clinton gets some of the credit for the fifth materials science development on our list. He was the US president who announced the establishment of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in 2000, a US federal, multi-agency research program in nanoscale science and technology.

The NNI has had an immense impact. It cemented the importance and promise of a nascent, emerging field, establishing it immediately as the most exciting area in the whole of the physical sciences. Nanotechnology simultaneously gained an identity, a vision, and a remarkable level of funding through the initiative. It also established a method of funding interdisciplinary science in such a way that the rest of the world would have to try to match.

Mihail C. Roco of the National Science Foundation was one of those who was involved in the initial NNI vision setting and national organizational efforts. “During 1997 to 1999, I worked with an initially small group including Stan Williams, Paul Alivisatos, James Murday, Dick Siegel, and Evelyn Hu,” recalls Roco. “We envisioned a ‘new industrial revolution’ powered by systematic control of matter at the nanoscale. With this vision, we built a national coalition involving academia, industry, and a group of agencies that become the nucleus of the NNI, launched in 2000.”

The NNI now involves 26 independent agencies and has an estimated budget of ~$1.5 billion in 2008. It has been the largest single investor in nanotechnology research in the world, providing over $7 billion in the last seven years. Now 65 countries have national research focus projects on nanotechnology, while industry nanotechnology R&D has exceeded that of governments worldwide. The global nano-related R&D budget was in excess of $12 billion in 2007.

On behalf of the interagency group, Roco proposed the NNI on March 11, 1999 at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). The fear of many was that there was little chance of nanotechnology becoming a national priority program. Surely it would be perceived as being of interest just to a small group of researchers? Instead, by defining nanotechnology as a broad platform for scientific advancement, education, medicine, and the economy, the NNI was approved with a budget of $489 million in 2001. “The NNI was prepared with the same rigor as a science project,” says Roco.

6. Carbon fiber reinforced plastics


Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics were at the heart of this bike built by Lotus Engineering for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. It helped Chris Boardman win gold. (Courtesy of Lotus.)
The last 50 years have seen advanced composites take off – quite literally, in that many applications of these light but strong materials have been in aviation and aerospace. But modern composite materials have touched just about all industries, including transport, packaging, civil engineering, and sport. They can be found in Formula 1 cars, armor, and wind turbine rotor blades.

Leading the charge are carbon fiber reinforced plastics or, more properly, continous carbon fiber organic-matrix composites. These materials bond extremely stiff, high-strength carbon fibers into a polymer matrix to give a combined material that is also exceptionally tough and light in weight.

The early 1960s saw the development of carbon fibers produced from rayon, polyacrylonitrile, and pitch-based precursors. The long, oriented aromatic molecular chains give the fibers exceptional strength and stiffness. This was a real gain over the amorphous glass fibers used previously in composite materials.

The development of carbon fibers, together with advances in design, modeling, and manufacturing, has given rise to composite materials with controlled, specific properties. “Rather than an engineer using a constant set of material characteristics, organic-matrix composites and the associated manufacturing methodology now enables the engineer to design the material for a specific application,” says Richard A. Vaia of the Air Force Research Laboratory. “The manufacturing science has opened up new frontiers, effectively moving component design down to materials design.” The spectacular gain in performance has seen the increasing use of these materials despite the cost and increased difficulty in design, shaping, and recycling, such that the new Boeing 787 uses composites extensively in its wings and fuselage.

7. Materials for Li ion batteries

It is hard to remember how we coped before laptops and cellular phones came along. This revolution would not have been possible without a transition from rechargeable batteries using aqueous electrolytes, where H+ is the working ion, to the much higher energy densities of Li ion batteries.

Li ion batteries required the development of novel electrode materials that satisfy a number of considerations. In particular, the cathode needs a lightweight framework structure with free volume in between to allow a large amount of Li ions to be inserted and extracted reversibly with high mobility.

The process of materials design and discovery involved a mixture of clever chemical and electrochemical intuition, rational assessment of the technical requirements, and substantial experimental effort, and is dominated by the work of John B. Goodenough and colleagues at the University of Oxford in the 1980s. They came up with the cathode material LiCoO2 that Sony combined with a carbon anode in 1991 to give us the batteries that make possible the portable devices we know today. Work continues to develop cathode materials without the toxic Co and with three-dimensional framework structures like LiFeO4 for environmentally benign, high-energy density batteries.

8. Carbon nanotubes


Viewgraph showing a single- or double-walled CNT published in 1976. (Reprinted with permission from Oberlin, A., et al., J. Cryst. Growth (1976) 32, 335. © 1976 Elsevier.)
Although a discovery normally attributed to Sumio Iijima of NEC, Japan in 1991, the observation of nanotubes of carbon had actually been made on previous occasions (see A journey on the nanotube). However, following on from the excitement of the discovery of C60 buckyballs in 1985 – a new form of carbon – Iijima’s observations of new fullerene tubes aroused great interest immediately.


Today, the remarkable, unique, and phenomenally promising properties of these nanoscale carbon structures have placed them right among the hottest topics of materials science. So why are they only at number eight in this list? Well, there still remains much to sort out in their synthesis, purification, large-scale production, and assembly into devices. And there’s also the very frustrating inability to manufacture uniform samples of nanotubes with the same properties.

9. Soft lithography

The ability to fabricate functional structures and working devices in different materials is central to the production of microelectronic devices, data-storage systems, and many other products. This process is almost exclusively carried out by highly specialized, complex, and very expensive photolithography equipment confined to the controlled environments of cleanrooms. How valuable, then, is the introduction of an alternative?

Soft lithography makes use of the simple, ancient concept of using a stamp to produce patterns again and again. It can be used on many different substrates, be they flat, curved, or flexible. What’s more, soft lithography is cheap, offers nanoscale resolution, and can be applied to new areas in biotechnology and medicine.

The initial technique of microcontact printing (µCP) was developed in 1993 at the lab of George Whitesides at Harvard University. “Microcontact printing has revolutionized many aspects of materials research,” says Byron Gates of Simon Fraser University, Canada. “Molecules are transferred to a substrate using an elastomeric stamp. This poly(dimethylsiloxane) or PDMS stamp conforms to the substrate, unlike hard masks used in previous lithography techniques.” In this way, molecules can be printed over large areas in well-defined patterns with features just 30 nm in size. As well as the transfer of small organic molecules, µCP has been adapted to print solid materials directly, extending its capabilities into nanofabrication. Since 1993, µCP has expanded into a suite of printing, molding, and embossing methods known as soft lithography. All of them use an elastomeric stamp to reproduce a pattern from a master template over and over again.

“All these techniques share one thing: the use of organic materials and polymers – ‘soft matter’ in the language of physicists,” says Younan Xia of the University of Washington in St. Louis. “Soft lithography offers an attractive route to microscale structures and systems needed for applications in biotechnology, and most of them exceed the traditional scope defined by classic photolithography.”

10. Metamaterials


The metamaterial structure of an invisibility cloak that hides objects from microwave radiation. (Credit: David Schurig, Duke University.)
The beginning of the new millennium brought great excitement when it was conclusively demonstrated that a material with a negative refractive index could exist. Light, or at least microwaves, would bend the ‘wrong way’ on entering this material, according to a standard understanding of Snell’s law of refraction. This ended a long-standing argument over Veselago’s prediction in the 1960s that materials simultaneously having a negative permeability and a negative permittivity would have a negative refractive index. At the same time, it opened up a perplexing new optical world full of counterintuitive results that can be explained using 19th century classical electromagnetism.

But the surprising optical properties don’t arise from the material’s composition as its structure. The first metamaterial was a composite of metal wires and split rings assembled on a lattice of printed circuit boards. It was an example of a metamaterial – an artificial structure of repeated micro-sized elements designed for specific properties.

“Metamaterials derive their properties as much from their internal structure as from their chemical composition,” explains John Pendry of Imperial College London, UK. “Adding structure to chemistry as an ingredient greatly increases the range of properties that we can access. There is a new realization that metamaterials can give access to properties not found in nature.”

Crucially, if the structure of the material is much smaller than the light’s wavelength, then an overall permittivity and permeability of the material can still be used with Maxwell’s equations to describe the electric and magnetic response of the material. Thin wire structures can generate a negative electrical response at gigahertz frequencies, while split-ring structures generate a negative magnetic response. These structures were combined for the first time in 2000 by David Smith, Willie Padilla, and Shelly Schultz at the University of California, San Diego to make a negatively refracting material. “Now many people are going through a process of feverish invention as new possibilities are explored, pushing the concept up in frequency towards the visible and also downwards, even to create novel dc responses,” says Pendry.

“Theorists too have been inspired,” adds Pendry, who pointed out that a negative refractive index could be used to construct a ‘perfect lens’. Such lenses would have a resolution unlimited by fundamental physics of the design, and only limited by quality of manufacture. “A new approach to subwavelength imaging now rides on the back of the metamaterial concept,” he says. Several suggestions for invisibility cloaks to hide objects from electromagnetic radiation have also been made. All of these proposals imply the use of metamaterials to realize their designs.

“The first applications [of metamaterials] will be simple improvements of existing products,” Pendry expects. “For example, lightweight lenses for radar waves have been manufactured using metamaterials. Then entirely novel applications will follow, probably developed by the research students of today’s metamaterials researchers.”

The history of the ITRS
The ITRS provides a guideline for research and development for integrated circuit technology needs within a 15-year horizon. Updated annually, the ITRS evolved from a series of workshops and assessments conducted by industry leaders in the late 1980s to ascertain precompetitive critical needs. The first national technology roadmap efforts began in 1992 and in 1993 the first Semiconductor Technology Roadmap effort was sponsored by the Semiconductor Industry Association, supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation, and edited and produced by SEMATECH.

In 1994, the roadmap was updated by a team of over 400 technologists and renamed the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (NTRS). In 1997, the NTRS began to emphasize the challenges, technology requirements, and potential solutions for each roadmap topic. The NTRS was reviewed for the first time in 1998 by an international team that included technologists from Europe, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The first ITRS was produced in 1999, the first ever international industry roadmap of its kind.

The ITRS is based on the consensus of a substantial team. More than 1200 participants were involved from industry, national laboratories, and academia in 2005 and 2006. As the manufacturing of semiconductors becomes more challenging, the ITRS teams are expanding the role of roadmapping into new topics with the potential of guiding the industry beyond complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor systems. The new 2007 edition will have 18 chapters and over 1000 pages, it is estimated.

Linda Wilson, ITRS managing editor, SEMATECH, and Alain Diebold, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York



Making sense of the nanoworld
The fabrication of the first STM in March 1981 in IBM’s Zurich Research Laboratory made it possible for the first time to produce real-space images of electrically conductive surfaces with subnanometer spatial resolution. The development of the AFM in 1986 at IBM Almaden Research Center and Stanford University permitted explorations to be extended to electrically insulating and biological materials.

These two inventions have opened doors into the nanoscale world, and ultimately to nanotechnology. Looking at individual nano-entities such as single molecules, how they react to an external stimuli, how they move and dance on a surface, and how they recognize and talk to each other is no longer science fiction. Moreover, these nanotools allow the manipulation of individual nano-objects and enable scientists to gain a quantitative insight into their physical and chemical properties. Thus they have become crucial in optimizing the performance of nanodevices.

The ultimate impact of these tools will surely cover a huge range of disciplines, including materials science, (opto)electronics, medicine, catalysis, and they will offer new solutions to key problems such as energy and the environment.

In the end, SPM techniques are all about the five senses. Sight is achieved by gently touching surfaces. Hearing: the acoustic response of the tip allows detailed insights into the mechanical properties of surfaces. The same tips, once functionalized with well-defined groups, can identify functional groups through molecular recognition, thus they can finally smell and taste the new and thrilling perfume and flavor of the nanoworld.

Paolo Samorì, ISIS-ULP/CNRS, Strasbourg, France and ISOF-CNR, Bologna, Italy



The III-V laser and LED after 45 years
A significant fraction of the Earth’s population has, by now, seen an LED. But few are aware it is not a conventional light source, rather an electronic source related to the transistor.

As John Bardeen’s (one of the inventors of the transistor) first student and then colleague for 40 years, I heard him explain many times that it was not known until the transistor that a current could create a nonequilibrium electron-hole population in a semiconductor. Subsequently, electron-hole recombination could re-establish equilibrium, delivering light.

As we studied recombination for transistor reasons, we were on the path to the laser and LED, especially when we moved to the direct-gap III-V compounds. Studying GaAs for tunnel diodes in 1960–62, I was not happy with its 1.4 eV (infrared) bandgap. I learned how to shift GaAs towards GaP, to GaAs1–xPx and red light wavelengths.

In 1962, a small number of us realized that the GaAs p-n junction might serve as the basis of a laser. But I wanted to work not in the infrared, but with GaAs1–xPx in the visible region where the eye sees. I knew enough about lasers to know I needed a cavity to help my red p-n junctions become lasers.

My astute colleague at General Electric (GE), Bob Hall, was one step ahead of me. He made GaAs diodes with Fabry-Perot resonator edges, with the crystal itself the cavity – very clever! He preferred polishing to make his diode cavities and I preferred cleaving (not so easy).

Then, one early fall day, Hall’s boss called me to tell me that Hall was running a laser, and would I please give up cleaving! I devised at once a simple method to polish my diode Fabry-Perot cavities, and immediately had red III-V alloy lasers and LEDs.

With Hall’s infrared GaAs lasers and incoherent emitters and my visible, red GaAs1–xPx lasers and LEDs, GE announced the availability of these devices for sale late in 1962. The red LED was practical from the beginning, and only got better and cheaper over time.

Now, after 45 years of work by many people, the high-brightness, high-performance LED promises to take over lighting. The scale and variety of what is happening is surprising, totally unbelievable. Since we are talking about an ‘ultimate lamp’, this work won’t stop, will only grow and, of necessity, become cheaper. This will make the universal use of the LED possible – appearing everywhere in lighting and decorating!

Nick Holonyak, Jr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign



A journey on the nanotube
Sumio Iijima reported the observation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991 [Nature 354, 56]. Then in 1993, two independent groups, Iijima and Ichihashi [Nature 363, 603] and Bethune et al. [Nature 363, 605] reported the growth of single-walled CNTs in the same issue of Nature.

The impact of these papers on the scientific community has been tremendous, perhaps leading to the birth of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

However, the first direct observation of multiwalled CNTs was recorded in 1952 by Radushkevich and Lukyanovich [Zurn. Fisic. Chim. (1952) 26, 88], while an image of a single- or possibly double-walled CNT was published in 1976 by Oberlin et al. [J. Cryst. Growth (1976) 32, 335].

Aside from the controversy surrounding their discovery, the tremendous mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of CNTs combined with a low density promise to revolutionize materials science.

Applications are appearing in integrated nanoelectromechanical systems working in the gigahertz frequency band, exquisitely sensitive mechanical sensors, ultrasharp scanning probe microscopy tips, nanosized drug delivery vehicles, and so on. Moreover, using CNTs as fiber reinforcements could lead to innovative new composite materials.

Even if miniaturization tends to be the focus for CNTs, in mechanics there is also the opposite trend because the human scale is the meter. CNTs are strong and stiff mainly because they are small and thus nearly defect-free – their best attribute. Thus, controlling and minimizing defects while scaling up CNT structures would be a real breakthrough.

For example, a macroscopic cable having the same strength-to-density ratio as a single, defect-free nanoscopic CNT would allow us to build fantastic structures such as a terrestrial space elevator. Here, a cable attached to the planet’s surface could carry payloads into space.

Alternatively, if CNT materials that mimic the hairs on the feet of spiders and geckos could be scaled up, a Spiderman suit for clinging to walls would be within the reach of all of us. There is also plenty of room at the top.

Nicola Pugno, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Friday, December 28, 2007

五个经典冬天进补

经典食谱一:姜汁甜牛奶




原料:生姜汁,性味辛、温,入肺、胃、脾经,功能散寒,止呕。《食疗本草》说它“止逆,散烦闷,开胃气”。《本草拾遗》记载生姜“汁解毒药,破血调中,去冷除痰,开胃”。《本草从新》指出“姜汁,开痰,治噎膈反胃”。

牛奶,性味甘、平,功能补虚损,益脾胃,可治虚弱劳损,反胃噎膈等症。《滇南本草》说它能“补虚弱,止渴,养心血,治反胃而利大肠”。《本草纲目》指出它能“治反胃热哕,补益劳损,润大肠”。《千金·食治》记载牛奶“入生姜、葱白,止小儿吐乳”。以白糖同用,有助脾健胃的功效。

做法:最好的做法是用150-200毫升鲜牛奶加一调羹生姜汁和少许白糖,放入瓷器内,盖上盖子蒸适当时间后饮用。

功用:有散寒,和胃,止呕的功效。每天喝一杯,手脚之寒气便会渐失。其实姜汁甜牛奶也可以用于治疗上面提到的虚寒性胃痛噎膈反胃、呕吐、暖气反酸等肠胃不适的症状。


经典食谱二:川芎白芷炖鱼头




原料:川芎,《本草别录》还指出川芎能“除脑中冷动,面上游风,去耳目泪出,多涕唾,忽忽如醉,诸寒冷气”。《日华子本草》还记载着川芎能“治一切风”,临床用治“诸风上攻,头目昏重,偏正头痛”。《本草经集注》说到川芎时认为“白芷为之使”。

白芷性温、味辛微甘、无毒。有祛风,消肿,止痛作用。《别录》说它能“疗风邪”,“头痛头眩,目痒”。《本草纲目》还直接指出白芷对“妇人血风眩晕”有效。

鱼头,最好选用“胖头鱼”。它味甘、性温、无毒,功能暖胃养血,所以女士由于风邪所致的头昏眼花、头晕等等都可以用其治疗。有些身体虚弱的女士洗头之后感觉头晕头痛吃了它也会有效,但是如果是因为“阴虚火旺”而头痛头晕则不宜多吃。

做法:购买一个鱼头,加入3-9克川芎以及6-9克白芷(两者都不宜过多),放在瓦煲内一起炖即可。

功用:川芎白芷都能够活血、行气、祛风,再配上味甘、性温的鱼头,更相得益彰。此道食谱可治疗男女头风、四肢拘牵痹痛。

经典食谱三:乌豆塘虱

纹原料:乌豆即黑豆,味甘性平。含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、黑色素、钙、磷、铁和维生素A、B、烟酸等。功能养血补虚,主要为滋养作用。

塘虱鱼又名胡子鲶鱼。《本草求真》说“塘虱鱼形似鳅,腮下有二横骨能刺人”。功能补血、滋肾、调中、兴阳,为滋补食品。

做法:购买塘虱鱼2-4条,去除内脏、鱼鳃等,洗净后放入瓦罐内,再加入60-90克乌豆,用文火?熟,调味即可。如果感觉乌豆不容易消化,那么可以加入适量陈皮调胃气。

功用:可用于调理女士血虚头痛,头晕目眩,自汗盗汗,耳鸣乏倦以及血小板减少等。

经典食谱四:白胡椒煲猪肚汤

原料:白胡椒,性味辛、温。入胃、大肠经。含胡椒碱、胡椒脂碱和挥发油等。功能温中散寒,醒脾开胃。《本草纲目》认为它“暖肠胃,除寒湿反胃,虚胀冷积,阴毒”。《唐本草》说它“主下气,温中,去痰,除脏腑中风冷”。《海药本草》指出它可“去胃口气虚冷,宿食不消,霍乱气逆,心腹卒痛,冷气上冲”。

猪肚即猪胃,性味甘、微温,入胃经。功能健脾胃,补虚损,通血脉,利水,除疳。《别录》说它“补中益气,止渴、利”。《本草图经》记载它能治“骨蒸热劳,血脉不行,补羸助气”。《日华子本草》还说用猪肚酿黄糯米蒸捣为丸,可治劳气以及小儿疳积黄瘦病。

做法:购买猪肚一只,反复用水冲洗净。把约15克白胡椒打碎,放入猪肚内,并留少许水分。然后把猪肚头尾用线扎紧,慢火煲1个小时以上(至猪肚酥软),加盐调味即可。另外,汤煲好后的猪肚酥烂滑软,切条装盘,再撒上白芝麻和鲜酱油,是一道非常不错的冷盘。

功用:可以用于治疗胃寒,心腹冷痛,因受寒而消化不良,吐清口水,虚寒性的胃、十二指肠溃疡等。其实,这道汤煲成以后呈现牛奶般的乳白色,不仅浓厚暖心具有不一般的饮食药疗效果,而且还非常美味,可以作为冬天的一道家常菜。

经典食谱五:党参红枣茶




原料:红枣,性味甘、温。功能补脾和胃,益气生津,调营卫,治胃虚少吃,脾弱便溏,气血津液不足,营卫不和,心悸怔忡,妇人脏躁。《珍珠囊》说它有“温胃”作用。《日华子本草》用以“润心肺,止嗽,补五脏,治虚劳损,除肠胃癖气”。

做法:选用党参15-30克,大枣5-10枚,一起煎汤饮用。也可以加入陈皮2-3克以调胃气。

功用:可以治疗病后脾虚,食欲不振,四肢肌肉乏力,贫血,心悸等症。

因人而异冬季进补勿盲目

Sunday, December 23, 2007

一篇被”留中不发”的座谈会书面发言

说明: 2007年11月2-3日,中国科学院学部科学道德建设委员会在北京举行“科学道德和科技伦理专题研讨会”。我在会议前约三周收到邀请信。由于早已答应参加另外一个国际会议,我复信说明不能与会,但将在会前寄送一篇书面发言。11月5日回到北京,才得知“由于学部科学道德建设委员会很重视这篇发言,要专门研究”,发言稿被“留中不发”,束之高阁。现在过去了50多天,尚未见到“专门研究”的结果。我决定把它公开发表,请大家批评。



书面发言
郝柏林
2007年10月29日

由于早已答应到新加坡参加一个国际会议,我无法出席这次通知甚晚而且日期完全重复的讨论会。恳请会议组织者把以下书面发言分发给与会同志,请他们批评指正。

2005年7、8月间国家自然科学基金委新设的监督委员会发布了四份通报,点名或不点名地揭露了19起基金申请中的不端行为。新华社的一位记者给我发来电子信,要求采访。事实上,我是从这位记者的来信才得知这些通报。在互联网上读完通报之后,我给记者回信说:“我不准备就这些小苍蝇发表意见;现在的问题是要抓科学界领导和政府官员的不端行为和不正之风”。写下这几句话的时候,我准备了有名有姓的三件事。这位记者显然很明白自己的“边界条件”,回信曰“谢谢”,采访一事就此了案。

当前我国学术界中的不端行为确实相当严重,而且有越演越烈之势。然而,问题的根源不在下面,而在上面,在于科学界领导层和有关部门政府官员的作风与行为,在于研究资源分配不公正、不公开、不透明,在于科学政策和“评估”体系的误导。

科学界的领导和政府官员不能仅仅以不从事不端行为来要求自己。他们应当比一般科学技术工作者更严格地律己,在学术作风上做出好榜样。然而目前的情况是某些科学技术界领导人和政府官员恰恰在做出不好的榜样。不首先端正高层次的学术作风,就不能理直气壮地在基层树立正确的学风。

任何严肃的科学研究都需要全心投入、亲自做实验或做推导计算,需要长期地、连续地、反复地静心思考。目前在中国脚踏实地做学问的人越来越少,而整天飞来飞去,出会入宴的科技“领导”和“首席”们越来越多。那些实际上无法坚持做学问而又要努力维持“科学家”面目的官员,才是学术不端行为的真正根源。科学技术领导部门急功近利的“量化管理”则从制度和政策上加剧了这一状况。

在自己没有实质性贡献、甚至没有看过稿子的文章上署名,而且“官”做得越大,每年所出文章越多。这是目前有一定普遍性的现象。下面的表格列出了中国科学院的一位现任领导,从做博士后以来的20年中,每年发表的SCI论文的统计(如有必要我可以提供全部论文的清单):


当我向院士道德建设委员会的一位负责同志提起这件事的时候,他说:“论文署名问题国外也没有解决,我们准备组织软课题加以研究”。诚然,署名当否的“微观”界定很难,即使把作者们都请来,由于种种原因,也不容易弄清真相。然而,一年52个星期出51篇SCI文章这样的“宏观”表现,对于任何真正做过研究、写过论文的科学工作者,不需要任何调查即很明白。科学界的上层领导如此,怎么能带出下面的好作风呢?

我们有一些部委级甚至位置更高的“领导”,不做任何组稿和写作的辛苦劳动,却以唯一作者的身份出现在国内甚至国外出版的书上。这种“吕不韦式”的著书,在科学界以外应如何看待,我不想评论。至少,在科学界内这是不应容忍的占有他人劳动的行为。

有些人在担任科学技术领导部门或研究经费管理单位负责人之后,仍然不与自己原来的单位脱钩,仍在为原部门争项目、争经费、仍在保护它们在评审或评估中获得高分。管理部门的某些中层人员到基层不是调查和服务,而是颐使气指、把人民血汗支持的研究项目作为自己的“领地”和上升的阶梯(出了问题则与之完全无关,上海交通大学的陈进造假事件就是近例)。美国国家科学基金会对自己的工作人员有详细的关于“利益冲突”的规定(NSF Manual Number 15. Conflicts of Interests and Standard of Ethical Conduct, Last revised July 2007.),许多那里明文禁止的事情,在中国则是“办事规则”。建议有关部门把它翻译出来,发给从部委领导到办事员的全体干部,看看对我们有没有一点参考价值。

如果到会,我还有更多的话。“书面发言”就此打住。

Sunday, December 09, 2007

Say Goodbye to Gilmore Girls

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWvHJHxGhOg

In the years to come
Will you think about these moments that we shared
In the years to come
Are you gonna think it over
And how we lived each day with no regrets
Nothing lasts forever though we want it to
The road ahead holds different dreams for me and you

[chorus]
Sometimes goodbye though it hurts in your heart is the only way for destiny
Sometimes goodbye though it hurts is the only way now for you and me
Though its the hardest thing to say
I'll miss your love in every way
So say goodbye
But don't you cry
Because a true love never dies

In a year from now
Maybe there'll be things we'll wish we'd never said
In a year from now
Maybe we'll see each other, standing on the same street corner no regrets
Each and every end is always written in the stars
[Say Goodbye lyrics on http://www.metrolyrics.com]

If only i could stop the World i'd make this last

[Chorus]
Sometimes goodbye though it hurts in your heart is the only way for destiny
Sometimes goodbye though it hurts is the only way now for you and me
Though it's the hardest thing to say
I'll miss your love in every way
So say goodbye
But don't you cry
Because a true love never dies

And when you need my arms to run into
I'll come for you
Nothing will ever change the way i feel

[Chorus]
Sometimes goodbye though it hurts in your heart is the only way for destiny
Sometimes goodbye though it hurts is the only way now for you and me
Though it's the hardest thing to say
I'll miss your love in every day
So say goodbye
Because a true love never dies

Saturday, December 08, 2007

To be by your side

http://bbs.ooxy.net/music/To_Be_By_Your_Side.mp3 http://podcache.cctv.com/published1/2007/06/24/pub1182665810012.mp3 Across the oceans Across the seas, Over forests of blackened trees. Through valleys so still we dare not breathe, To be by your side. Over the shifting desert plains, Across mountains all in flames. Through howling winds and driving rains, To be by your side. Every mile and every year for every one a little tear. I cannot explain this, Dear, I will not even try. Into the night as the stars collide, Across the borders that divide forests of stone standing petrified, To be by your side. Every mile and every year, For every one a single tear. I cannot explain this, Dear, I will not even try. For I know one thing, Love comes on a wing. For tonight I will be by your side. But tomorrow I will fly. From the deepest ocean To the highest peak, Through the frontiers of your sleep. Into the valley where we dare not speak, To be by your side. Across the endless wilderness where all the beasts bow down their heads. Darling I will never rest till I am by your side. Every mile and every year, Time and Distance disappear I cannot explain this. Dear No, I will not even try. For I know one thing, Love comes on a wing and tonight I will be by your side. But tomorrow I will fly away, Love rises with the day and tonight I may be by your side. But tomorrow I will fly, Tomorrow I will fly, Tomorrow I will fly.

Sunday, December 02, 2007

一个WSN在美国的奋斗

http://www.mitbbs.com/article_t1/Overseas/28718460_0_1.html

发信人: bestrongself (bestrong), 信区: Overseas
标 题: 一个WSN在美国的奋斗(版权所有,转载注明出处)(23)
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sun Nov 18 18:47:46 2007)

本故事纯属虚构,如有雷同,请勿对号入座。如因对号入座而产生的任何纠纷,作者概不负责。

谨以此故事献给所有在海外奋斗拼搏的兄弟姐妹,生活并不容易,让我们互相鼓励。也
献给那些怀着梦想即将奔赴海外的兄弟姐妹,请记住,前面的路并非一帆风顺,迎接你
们既有鲜花也有荆棘,但请相信,只要不放弃就会有希望!一路保重!

这个故事也献给那些在海外悲剧收场的兄弟姐妹,你们的生命如流星划过天空,留给了
亲人和朋友无尽的悲哀。但你们的悲剧并非毫无价值,你们用自己的生命向世界发出了
最后一声呐喊,你们的经历给了后来的兄弟姐妹教训与启示,也使人们逐渐开始关注海
外留学生这一带着光环的弱势群体。愿你们在天堂安息。

(一)

看了葛炜炜的事情,很感慨,觉得太可惜了。也看了大家诉说自己的经历,很感动,其
实大家说自己的亲身经历,也是为了给大家多些见识,多些鼓励,不然谁也不愿将不愉
快的记忆再述说一篇。出于同样的目的,我也说说自己的经历,其实从我的经历来看,
比葛炜炜的情况糟糕了很多,可以说,100个留学生里面几乎没有一个遇到我这样的经
历。从我的经历中,有的朋友可能会猜出我是谁,也希望朋友们替我保密,让我有点隐
私。不是为了那些后来的小师弟师妹们从我经历的事情中获得经验,有所体会,我实在
是一辈子不想说这些破事的。

来美国的第一天到系里见系主任,他说看了我的简历,说我发表的论文和他的研究接近,
希望我考虑读他的博士,我告诉他,我已经在国内和其他老师联系了,已经定了导师。
系主任问我是否不会改变了,我回答说是的。后来知道,系主任已经几年没有招到博士生
了。

我刚来的时候系里暑假不能保证有奖学金,要自己找假期有课的老师当TA。我找了个老
师,他说没有问题,只是要我临近暑假的时候提醒他一下。到了时候,我去提醒他,他
说他没问题,但需要系主任(不是美国人)同意,我去找系主任,系主任说他忙,要我
过一个星期再来。过了一个星期,我去找他,他说很遗憾,我来晚了,如果早告诉他,
完全没有问题的。我太嫩了,说了句不该说的话:“请问TA是给了博士生吗?"系主任看
着我半天不说话,我马上把话题转开了。后来,我知道TA给了系主任的硕士生,系里所
有博士生都没有得到,有外国的博士生很生气,到学院去告状,院里很重视,说这是个
严重错误,下次再也不允许发生了。我没有去找院里,不过不知道系主任是否知道。

不久,我选Committee Member就开始出问题了。我们学院,博士生需要5个Committee
Member,比本州其他学校都要求得多。学校明文规定只有导师和研究生院院长有权力决
定Committee Member的人选。大家也知道,研究生院院长哪里会去决定这些事情,还不
是导师说了算。我和导师决定的名单叫到系里,结果被打回来,系主任给我导师打电话
,要求加入一个印度的Assistant Professor。我导师想同意,我马上表示不同意,因
为我听说这个印度老师对学生很tough,最近就有个他指导的中国学生跑了,大家对他
的评价不好。我导师是个美国人,没什么城府,安慰我说没问题的,尽管放心。我就说
为什么我就得比别人多Committee Member?导师说系主任打电话,没有办法的。我只好
说我坚持自己的意见,但导师如果愿意加印度老师进来,我也没有办法。后来我师兄(
不是中国人)知道了,问我为什么同意,他和那个印度老师打过交道,很坏,你会有麻
烦的。我说,我有什么办法。

开题前去见印度老师,他就对我们做的东西说了很多,很多就是胡说八道,因为他根本就不是我这个研究方向的。后来,这个印度老师因为中国博士生跑了,又找我师兄,希望他转到自己门下。导师知道了,有些不高兴了。开题还算比较顺利,但导师已经有了换掉他的心了。开题后一个月,导师告诉我他已经要那个印度老师离开Committee了,我很高兴,马上问:你有没有填写有关的表。导师很惊奇,他不知道还要填表。我要他填好表交给系里和研究生院。我觉得这很正常,学校明文规定导师和研究生院院长有权利换Committee Member的。导师吱吱唔唔,说他以后会交的,于是我打印了一张表给导师。后来问过导师几次有没有交表,他也不愿意正面回答我。我想,他还是怕得罪系主任。

过了几年,要答辩了,答辩前几个星期,印度老师发了封邮件给我导师,说最近是他困难的一段时间,他的中期考核评语不太好,主要是发表论文不够。因为我导师论文在系里还算多的,因此他想我导师一些要发表的论文上给他挂名。我导师没有同意。

答辩那天,我在家里打扮得西装革履的,正要出门去答辩,接到了导师的电话,答辩取消!!院里说由于我导师没有将更改Committee Member的表交上来,而且现在更改的时间已经过了,因此不能更改了,需要将印度老师请进Committee,并且重新找个时间答辩。

这样,印度老师又回到了Committee,答辩前几天,他找了我导师,对我的论文全盘否定,说他看不懂。我导师给他解释我的论文所做的工作并说,我这个学生发表的论文是全系博士生里面最多的。印度老师听了,没说什么,答辩前一天,他又打电话给我导师,说他还是看不懂,我导师火了,说如果明天答辩的时候你故意攻击我的学生,我们之间有很大的麻烦。印度老师回答说他不会攻击学生的。这些事情在答辩前导师全告诉我了。我吓死了,答辩前半个小时,在导师办公室,我问导师,印度老师是否会fail我,导师回答,我也不知道。我知道很多学校规定答辩可以有一个Committee Member投
反对票,只要其他Committee Member通过,答辩也就算通过了。我们学校只有我们学院规定,必须所有Committee Member通过,答辩才算通过。

我踏入答辩的教室,一场战斗开始了。

Wednesday, November 28, 2007

分子动力学源代码下载网址

分子动力学源代码下载网址

  以下是我正在用的几个非常不错的网址。尤其是钻石推荐的那个,模拟更为方便。
  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  http://www.fos.su.se/physical/sasha/md_prog.html
  The current version of the program (Fortran-77) may be downloaded from md50.tar.gz (3.3M). Previous version 4.4 is also available: md44.tar.gz. Please reffer to us in any publication of the results obtained by this program. The relevant reference (which is also a manual) is: A.P.Lyubartsev, A.Laaksonen, MDynaMix - A scalable portable parallel MD simulation package for arbitrary molecular mixtures" Computer Physics Communications, 128, 565-589 (2000).
  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  http://www.ud.infn.it/~ercolessi/md/
  A molecular dynamics primer with examples in Fortran 90.
   You can also download it in your preferred Postscript or PDF format: Uncompressed Compressed PDF
  A4 paper (Europe) md.ps (783 kB) md.ps.gz (168 kB) md.pdf (435 kB)
  Letter paper (USA) md-usa.ps (783 kB) md-usa.ps.gz (168 kB) n.a.
  
  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  http://molsim.chem.uva.nl/frenkel_smit/README.html---------钻石推荐
  The following Case Studies are presented in the book. Clicking on the name of the Case Study will lead you to a page where you can download this Case Study. It is also possible to download all Case Studies in one file in zip-format or tar.gz-format. All programs are pre-compiled for Redhat Linux 6.1 (Cartman) on an i386.
  所有程序来自《Understanding Molecular Simulations》 D. Frenkel and B. Smit
  中文翻译书是《分子模拟--从算法到应用》汪文川 译
  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  http://www.ccp5.ac.uk/librar.shtml#ALLENTID
  所有程序来自《Computer Simulation of Liquids》
  Readers should also note that we are authorised to supply the example programs originally published in the book ``Computer Simulation of Liquids'', by M.P. Allen and D.J. Tildesley (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1987).
  
  Programs from the Book ``Computer Simulation of Liquids''
  Complete library, tar.gz format http
  F.1 Periodic boundary conditions in various geometries
  F.2 5-value Gear predictor-corrector algorithm
  F.3 Low-storage MD programs using leapfrog Verlet algorithm
  F.4 Velocity version of Verlet algorithm
  F.5 Quaternion parameter predictor-corrector algorithm
  F.6 Leapfrog algorithms for rotational motion
  F.7 Constraint dynamics for a nonlinear triatomic molecule
  F.8 Shake algorithm for constraint dynamics of a chain molecule
  F.9 Rattle algorithm for constraint dynamics of a chain molecule
  F.10 Hard sphere molecular dynamics program
  F.11 Constant-NVT Monte Carlo for Lennard-Jones atoms
  F.12 Constant-NPT Monte Carlo algorithm
  F.13 The heart of a constant muVT Monte Carlo program
  F.14 Algorithm to handle indices in constant muVT Monte Carlo
  F.15 Routines to randomly rotate molecules
  F.16 Hard dumb-bell Monte Carlo program
  F.17 A simple Lennard-Jones force routine
  F.18 Algorithm for avoiding the square root operation
  F.19 The Verlet neighbour list
  F.20 Routines to construct and use cell linked-list method
  F.21 Multiple timestep molecular dynamics
  F.22 Routines to perform the Ewald sum
  F.23 Routine to set up alpha fcc lattice of linear molecules
  F.24 Initial velocity distribution
  F.25 Routine to calculate translational order parameter
  F.26 Routines to fold unfold trajectories in periodic boundaries
  F.27 Program to compute time correlation functions
  F.28 Constant-NVT molecular dynamics - extended system method
  F.29 Constant-NVT molecular dynamics - constraint method
  F.30 Constant-NPH molecular dynamics - extended system method
  F.31 Constant-NPT molecular dynamics - constraint method
  F.32 Cell linked-lists in sheared boundaries
  F.33 Brownian dynamics for a Lennard-Jones fluid
  F.34 An efficient clustering routine
  F.35 The Voronoi construction in 2d and 3d
  F.36 Monte Carlo simulation of hard lines in 2d
  F.37 Routines to calculate Fourier transforms
  


你可以通过这个链接引用该篇文章:http://castep.bokee.com/tb.b?diaryId=179074690

Tuesday, November 13, 2007

funny video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYuAtBEfKrs

Wednesday, November 07, 2007

Interesting seminars

Title What are Expected from Department Head of Mechanical Engineering?
Speaker Professor Yang LENG
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Date 14 Sep 2007 (Fri)
Time 2:30pm
Venue Room 5583, HKUST (5/F., Lift # 27/28)

Abstract
As a member in the ME department for more than 15 years, I truly believe that a department head should possess the following essential qualities: 1) have clear visions of the departmentˇs education programs and research development directions, 2) selflessly assist career development and research activities of faculty members, 3) be fair in dealing with departmental matters and make departmental matters as transparent as possible, and 4) enthusiastically promote solidarity and team spirit of all members, including non-academic staff and students in the department. This presentation provides me an opportunity to share my personal views in these four aspects with members in ME department.

Biography
Professor Leng obtained his undergraduate training in Chongqing University, Chongqing, China. After two-year working in Chongqing Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, he went to US for postgraduate study. He received a MS degree in metallurgical engineering at the Michigan Technological University in 1986, and a PhD degree in materials science at the University of Virginia in 1989. After over two-year post-doctoral research, he became the first lecturer appointed in the Mechanical Engineering Department at HKUST in January 1992. He was substantiated and promoted as an associate professor in 1997. He is currently a full professor in the department and active in biomaterials research. Recently, he has been elected as Fellow of the International Union of Societies for Biomaterials Science and Engineering. He has served as department coordinators of both undergraduate study and postgraduate study.


Title Mechanical Engineering at HKUST - A Personal Perspective
Speaker Prof. Matthew M. F. YUEN
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Clearwater Bay, Sai Kung
Hong Kong
Date 5 Sep 2007 (Wed)
Time 2:30pm
Venue Room 5583, HKUST (5/F., Lift # 27/28)

Abstract
As one of the founding member of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, I would like to share my personal view on the future development for the Department. The current status of the Department will be reviewed in the light of the new developments in the University, in Hong Kong, in China and also globally. The way forward to meet the future challenges and to maintain the all round academic excellence of the Department will be outlined.

Biography
Professor Matthew Yuen graduated from the University of Hong Kong with a 1st Class Honours in Mechanical Engineering and obtained his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Bristol University in 1977. He worked for GEC and Babcock & Wilcox in UK before returning to Hong Kong to lecture at the University of Hong Kong. He joined The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) as one of the founding members of the Department of Mechanical Engineering in 1992. He had served as the Associate Dean of Engineering, the founding Director of the CAD/CAM Facility and the founding Director of the EPACK Laboratory at HKUST. From 2000 to 2007, he held the concurrent position of the Director of Technology Transfer Center and Vice President of the HKUST R&D Corporation to establish a strong partnership between HKUST and the industry. He is currently holding the concurrent positions of Professor of Mechanical Engineering, and Vice President of the HKUST R&D Corporation. Professor Yuen has published more than 200 papers in international journal and conferences. He has won Best Paper Awards from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He was also a Commonwealth Fellow and a United Nation Industrial Development Organization Fellow. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, UK and a Fellow of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers.

Research Interest:
CAD/CAM/CAE:
* Featured-based modeling
* Soft Object modeling
* Collaborative Product Development
* Electronic Packaging
* Interfacial adhesion and delamination
* Thermal interface material

Thursday, October 25, 2007

药王孙思邈养生妙法揭密

药王孙思邈在西魏时代出生,相传活到141岁才仙逝,其长寿心得必有过人之处。但事实上幼时的孙思邈体弱多病,所以才因病学医,总结了唐代以前的临床经验和医学理论,编成两部医学巨著———《千金药方》和《千金翼方》。孙思邈的养生之法相信会对您有所裨益。
  
发常梳


将手掌互搓36下令掌心发热,然后由前额开始扫上去,经后脑扫回颈部。早晚各做10次。头部有很多重要的穴位,经常“梳发”,可以防止头痛、耳鸣、白发和脱发。

目常运

合眼,然后用力睁开眼,眼珠打圈,望向左、上、右、下四方;再合眼,用力睁开眼,眼珠打圈,望向右、上、左、下四方。重复3次。有助于眼睛保健,纠正近视。

齿常叩

口微微合上,上下排牙齿互叩,无需太用力,但牙齿互叩时须发出声响,做36下。可以通上下颚经络,保持头脑清醒,加强肠胃吸收,防止蛀牙和牙骨退化。

漱玉津

口微微合上,将舌头伸出牙齿外,由上面开始,向左慢慢转动,一共12圈,然后将口水吞下去。之后再由上面开始,反方向做12圈。从现代科学角度分析,唾液含有大量酵素,能调和荷尔蒙分泌,因此可以强健肠胃。

耳常鼓

手掌掩双耳,用力向内压,放手,应该有“噗”的一声。重复做10下;双手掩耳,将耳朵反折,双手食指扣住中指,以食指用力弹后脑风池穴10下。每天临睡前后做,可以增强记忆和听觉。

腰常摆

身体和双手有韵律地摆动。当身体扭向左时,右手在前,左手在后,在前的右手轻轻拍打小腹,在后的左手轻轻拍打“命门”穴位,反方向重复。最少做50下,做够100下更好。可以强化肠胃、固肾气、防止消化不良、胃痛、腰痛。

腹常揉

搓手36下,手暖后两手交叉,围绕肚脐顺时针方向揉。揉的范围由小到大,做36下。可以帮助消化、吸收、消除腹部鼓胀。

摄谷道(即提肛)

吸气时,将肛门的肌肉收紧。闭气,维持数秒,直至不能忍受,然后呼气放松。无论何时都可以练习。最好是每天早晚各做20~30次。相传这动作是十全老人乾隆最得意的养生功法。

膝常扭

双脚并排,膝部紧贴,人微微下蹲,双手按膝,向左右扭动,各做20下。可以强化膝关节,所谓“人老腿先老、肾亏膝先软”,要延年益寿,应由双腿做起。

脚常搓

右手擦左脚,左手擦右脚。由脚跟向上至脚趾,再向下擦回脚跟为一下,共做36下;两手大拇指轮流擦脚心涌泉穴,共做100下。脚底集中了全身器官的反射区,经常搓脚可以强化各器官,治失眠,降血压,消除头痛。

Monday, October 15, 2007

冬寒菜别名又叫冬苋菜、冬葵、葵菜、滑菜

我喜欢吃的菜,家里种的有,在外面就很少见到,最近在学校菜市场见到

http://www.baidu.com/s?tn=baiduadv&q1=&q2=&q3=%B6%AC%BA%AE%B2%CB+%B6%AC%DC%C8%B2%CB+%B6%AC%BF%FB+%BF%FB%B2%CB+%BB%AC%B2%CB&q4=&rn=100&lm=0&ct=0&ft=&q5=&q6=

http://image.baidu.com/i?tn=baiduimage&ct=201326592&lm=-1&cl=2&word=%28%B6%AC%BA%AE%B2%CB+%7C+%B6%AC%DC%C8%B2%CB+%7C+%B6%AC%BF%FB+%7C+%BF%FB%B2%CB+%7C+%BB%AC%B2%CB%29

葵菜





《诗经》里面提到的一百三十二种植物中,作为蔬菜的大约有二十多种,如荇、荼、苕、荍、莱、芑之类,不过已退出餐桌,成了野生植物了,譬如葵菜即是。《诗经·豳风·七月》有“七月亨葵及菽”的诗句。这证明西周至春秋时期,我们生活在黄河流域地区的先民们已经以葵为蔬了。其它古籍也多有记载,汉朝许慎《说文解字》曰:“葵,菜也”,北魏贾思勰的《齐民要术》中有专门的章节讲述栽培冬葵的技术,并以《种葵》列为蔬类第一篇;元代王祯《农书》说:“葵为百菜之主,备四时之馔,本丰而耐旱,味甘而无毒。”;葵菜地位可见一斑,有的文献中干脆把葵尊为“百菜之主”了。葵菜本是我国古代先民日常食用的菜蔬之一,是一种非常古老又令人难以忘怀的蔬菜,它在汉朝极为盛行。大约在唐宋以后,因其它蔬菜的兴起,各地对葵的载种有所减少,到了明代已经很少有人种葵了。因为古人嫌弃冬葵“性太滑利”。明代的学者王世懋说:“古人食菜必曰葵,今乃竟无称葵,不知何菜当之”。




不过今天在江西、湖南、四川等地还有少量种植,但随着经济的发展,江南等地已开始恢复栽培。《内经·素问》中谈到了五谷、五畜、五果、五菜,其中五菜即:葵,韭,藿,薤,葱。葵者,现在一般称之谓冬葵。历史上葵有很多名字,有葵菜、露葵、冬葵菜、滑菜、卫足、马蹄菜、蕲菜、滑肠菜、金钱葵、金钱紫花葵、冬寒菜、冬苋菜、茴菜、滑滑菜、奇菜等称呼。




明代李时珍《本草纲目》说:“葵菜,古人种为常食......有紫茎、白茎二种,以白茎为胜,大叶小花,花紫黄色。......古人采葵必待露解,故曰露葵,今人呼为滑菜。”葵菜的采摘,是割取大小、老嫩适当的茎叶食之。太嫩不足取,采摘了可惜;太老不可食用,且采摘慢了不利于葵菜生长。采摘冬苋菜,可视“初生叶大如钱”者,“日日常拔,看稀绸得所乃止”,“周而复始,日日无穷”。




葵菜开紫黄花或白花,很美。南朝鲍照有《园葵赋》极尽华美之辞:“......乃露乃映,勾萌欲伸,嫩华将放;霏云四委,飞雨轻洒,......春风夕来,秋日晨映,独酌南轩,拥琴孤听,篇章间作,以歌以咏。鱼深沉而鸟高飞,孰知美色之为正。”




葵菜在古代极为普通,又被古人喜爱,于是便和日常生活,品行道德联系在一起了。“青青园中葵,朝露待日曦。阳春布德泽,万物生光辉。常恐秋节至,焜黄华叶衰。百川东到海,何日复西归。少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。”这首大家耳熟能详的北朝乐府民歌《长歌行》把园中绿色的葵菜比喻成人生,告诫人们要珍惜生命,莫到老年只能后悔而悲哀了。




还有民歌“采葵莫伤根,伤根葵不生。结友莫羞贫,羞贫友不成。”从葵菜种植之法,引申交友之道,可谓语重心长。




《汉董仲舒贤良策》中有个故事:“故公仪子相鲁,之其家见织帛,怒而出其妻,食于舍而茹葵,愠而拔其葵。曰:“吾已食禄,又夺园夫红女利乎!”这就是成语“拔葵去织》的出处。表面上是讲我已经拿了朝廷的俸禄了,家里还要织什么布啊种什么菜呢?其实是要求自己的亲属不要再去开什么公司,以免涉嫌权钱交易。古人的雅量如斯,难得啊!




葵菜以幼苗或嫩叶梢供食用,柔滑清香,可汤、可炒,可作火锅底料。有古籍称:“今蔬菜中滑利清腴,无有逾冬苋菜者,为冬季一切蔬菜之冠”。因其滑利、清香、肥嫩,熬稀饭吃老少咸宜。宋代学者苏颂著说:“葵处处有之,苗叶作菜茹,更甘美。”李白《赠闾丘处士》诗说:“......且耽田家乐,遂旷林中期。野酌劝芳酒,园蔬烹露葵。......”丰收后农家的喜悦和诗人情寄田园的淡泊,借最普通的菜蔬,日常的生活表现得淋漓尽致。即使象诗人白居易两顿饭没吃,也对葵菜情有独钟。他在《烹葵》诗中写道:“昨卧不夕食,今起乃朝饥。贫厨何所有,炊稻烹秋葵。红粒香复软,绿英滑且肥。......”




我以为现在吃葵菜一定能体会到的沧桑的历史的厚重,品味到古人生活态度和艰辛。那首至今读来还令人心酸的“十五从军征,八十始得归。道逢乡里人,家中有阿谁? 遥望是君家,松柏冢累累。兔从狗窦入,雉从梁上飞。中庭生旅谷,井上生旅葵。烹谷持作饭,采葵持作羹。羹饭一时熟,不知贻阿谁。出门东向望,泪落沾我衣”从此以后,葵菜便和人情、乡情、亲情,这些人类感情中最基本的,最原始的,最能长久牵动人心的情感纠缠在一起粉不开了。




其实葵菜除了花美,在在寒冷的冬天到来时,其风华愈加灿烂,其风采更欣欣向荣。还是王维《积雨辋川庄作》诗中给葵菜一个清新鲜生活的姿态:“积雨空林烟火迟,蒸藜炊黍饷东菑。漠漠水田飞白鹭,阴阴夏木啭黄鹂。山中习静观朝槿,松下清斋折露葵。野老与人争度罢,海鸥何事更相疑。”而晋代文人陆机的《园葵诗》:“种葵北园中,葵生郁萋萋,朝荣东北倾,夕颖西南希。灵露垂鲜泽,朗日耀其晖,时逝和风蕺,岁暮伤飚飞,曾露无温液,严霜有凝威,幸蒙高塘德,玄景荫素蕤。丰条并春盛,落叶后秋衰,庆彼晚存福,忘此孤生悲。”更把葵菜的妖娆和坚强描绘的有声有色。




葵菜有向阳的习性,杜甫《自京赴奉先县咏怀五百字》诗中说:“......葵霍倾太阳,物性固莫夺。......”唐太宗李世民的《赋秋日悬清光赐房玄龄》诗也说:“仙驭随轮转,灵乌带影飞。还当葵霍志,倾叶自相依。”刘克庄诗《葵》说得更清楚:“生长古墙阴,园荒草木深。可曾沾雨露,不改向阳心。”而产于北美洲的向日葵,初到中国原名叫丈菊、西番菊,后来攀附葵菜,便改称向日葵了。


url:
http://vipbbs.xilu.com/cgi-bin/bbs/view?forum=ruoyun65&message=1028






写食主义:一清二白冬苋菜

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

http://life.sina.com.cn 2003年01月24日10:36 新浪生活

  新浪网友:共命之鸟0008

  冬苋菜是一种非常古老的蔬菜。按照《四川方言词典》的解释:“冬苋菜”又叫冬寒菜。名词。即冬葵。其嫩叶可食。但词典把“苋”(Xian音“现”)字的标准读音变为方音Han2(音“汉”),符合巴渝地区的方音。对于冬苋菜的这种读音,巴蜀两地也是相通的。或许还包括云、贵及湖北等地。我国历史文献和古典诗词中有许多冬葵的记载。《乐府诗集》以收集汉、魏南北朝诗歌(民歌)为主,在《十五从军征》(又名《紫骝马歌》)中,有“中庭生旅谷,井上生旅葵。舂谷持作饭,采葵持作羹”的诗句。此诗中的“葵”即为“冬葵”,也就是我十分喜爱的冬苋菜了。可见冬苋菜是一种非常古老,又令人难以忘怀的蔬菜。

  蔬菜,是我们赖以生存的食物组成的一个不可缺少的部分。古人早就知道它的重要性了。所谓“饥馑”的馑,就是指蔬菜欠收而言的,即《尔雅》所说“菜不熟为馑”。上古时代物质生活简陋,蔬菜的种类也很少,民风淳朴,当然也就不知道“四菜一汤,吃了装莽”的现代新民谣了——相传当代中国有政策规定,宴请政府公务员,不能超出“四菜一汤”的规格。这大概也是领导干部廉洁自律的标准之一吧!我国古代第一部诗歌总集《诗经》里面提到的一百三十二种植物中,作为蔬菜的仅二十余种,但如荇、荼、苕、荍(荞)、莱、芑之类,到近代大部分已退出餐桌,成了野生植物了。象《诗经·采薇》中的“薇”,其本身就是指野豌豆苗。每当我在吃嫩豌豆苗儿下韭菜叶儿面条;或者,炖老母鸡汤焖嫩豌豆苗儿时,总会思绪万千——吃野豌豆苗儿的先民们在吃不饱穿不暖的情况下还如此“风、雅”,足见精神支柱是多么的重要啊!

  战国、秦、汉时期,蔬菜品种仍然不多。这时最主要的蔬菜有五种,即《素问》中所说的“五菜”:葵、藿、薤、葱、韭。这五种菜和《急就篇》举出的十三种菜都以葵为首。在有的文献中便把葵尊为“百菜之主”了。

  《素问》“五菜”中,葵,就是指冬葵——冬苋菜。藿,也就是大豆苗的嫩叶子。清代著名学者王念孙在《广雅疏证·释草》中解释说:“豆角谓之荚,其叶谓之藿”。薤,就是我们重庆(及西南)地区泡菜中常见的藠头。葱、韭自然是指现在的葱子和韭菜。

  韭菜于晚秋开过绣球似的小白花后,在寒冷的冬天到来时,就将展示风华的舞台让给欣欣向荣的冬葵了。

  “葵”,植物分类学上称为“冬葵”。一、二年生草本植物。叶圆形,稍绉缩,嫩时可作蔬菜。汉朝许慎所撰《说文解字》曰:“葵,菜也”。周作人在《知堂文集·吃菜》中有“赤米白盐绿葵紫蓼”的文句。绿葵,也就是冬葵了。在汉代的诗歌里一说起菜园开篇就是“青青园中葵”。魏、晋时的人一提起蔬菜,不是说“霜蒿露葵”就是谈“绿葵含露”。《齐民要术》中有专门的章节讲述栽培冬葵的技术,其地位可以想见。唐代以后,葵菜受到各种新培育成的和引入的蔬菜的强大压力,加以古人嫌弃冬葵“性太滑利,不益人”;“发宿疾,动风气”,种植的逐渐减少,到了明代已经很少有人种葵了。其实,我妈和婆婆说过,多吃冬苋菜是可以润肺的!

  在那遥远的明代,茄子、菠菜、扁豆、刀豆、莴笋(莴苣)、黄瓜等蔬菜已在我国广泛引种,人们“崇洋媚外”,把具有上古遗风的冬苋菜忘了。李时珍的《本草纲目》中以“今人不复食之”为由,把冬葵列入草部,不再当蔬菜看待了。简直就是数典忘祖。这却正好说明两个方面问题:首先是在李时珍所处的明代以前,蔬菜品种大概已相当丰富,不然几百年前的宋朝大文豪苏东坡也不会写什么《老饕赋》了;其次是上古淳朴民风的没落。因为李时珍时代的帝王将相、士大夫和大小“字”识分子们,已经公开以谈论“采阴补阳”的“房中术”为荣,难怪民间有“饱暖思淫欲”这种针砭时弊的歌谣了。

  写《老饕赋》的苏东坡是我半个四川老乡;虽然他的餐桌上蔬菜已很丰富了,可他还是象蛮荒时期的野人一样喜欢吃肉,譬如:红烧猪肘——现在川菜中的名菜“东坡肘子”!但他同时代文人谢枋得在《碧湖杂记》中对他的《老饕赋》颇烦,指出“《说文》曰:‘贪财为饕,贪食为餮’”,所以“东坡之赋,当作‘老餮’为是”。我想:以东坡先生的学识,一定分别得出“饕餮”一词真正涵义的。所谓《老饕赋》,大概是另有所指吧?譬如:贪官污吏。要不然何以在明朝,就单单把作为蔬菜的冬苋菜给遗忘了呢?在“五菜”里面,藿,是必定要被淘汰的。薤、葱,两者属于荤辛类食物,都不是大众的菜蔬——藠头(薤)仅仅作凉菜或泡菜用;葱,一般也只能作为调味品。因此,“五菜”中目前真资格算作蔬菜的也只有冬苋菜和韭菜了。

  《南齐书·周颙传》云:“春初早韭,秋末晚菘”。早韭就是开春后的头茬韭菜。“菘”,是白菜的原名。宋代时,白菜的佳种已培养成功,它不同于叶子松散的黑叶白菜之类,而是结实、肥大、高产、耐寒,且滋味鲜美。苏轼用“白菘类羔豚,冒土出熊蹯”之句来赞美它,将白菜喻为乳猪和熊掌,可见他是清白的,不是贪财的“老饕”。明代人更把黄芽白菜誉为蔬中“神品”。这大概也是到了明代,葵菜已经很少有人种植的缘故吧;以至于明代的植物学家王世懋感慨道:“古人食菜必曰葵,今乃竟无称葵,不知何菜当之”。

  冬苋菜在植物分类学上的学名叫“冬葵”,一、二年生草本植物。叶圆形,稍绉缩,嫩时可作蔬菜。开紫黄花或白花;结黑果。果实半球形,熟后形成离果(分果),其状如橘子瓣。

  但我一直主观、固执的认为,将“冬葵”翻译成现代汉语,无论是写作“冬苋菜”;还是“冬寒菜”,都是值得怀疑和经不起推敲的,从巴渝地区人们的读音和“冬葵”所流行的时代看,冬苋菜应该写为“东汉菜”才对。它不但表明了与汉朝盛行的蔬菜——“葵”的文化与自然的渊源关系,尤其还让人们品味出了厚重、沧桑的历史。

  冬苋菜的采摘,是割取大小、老嫩适当的茎叶食之。太嫩不足取,采摘了可惜;太老不可食用,且采摘慢了不利于冬苋菜生长。《巴县志》卷十九《物产·蔬类》中说:采摘冬苋菜,可视“初生叶大如钱”者,“日日常拔,看稀绸得所乃止”,等将可采食的割完后,最初剪割的地方又萌发长大了。“周而复始,日日无穷”。仅这一点,又跟韭菜的采摘相似了。

  冬苋菜之用于烹饪,仅仅是熬稀饭和煮汤。难怪《十五从军征》中有“采葵持作羹”的诗句了。《巴县志》卷十九称:“今蔬菜中滑利清腴,无有逾冬苋菜者,为冬季一切蔬菜之冠”(《物产·蔬类》)。由于其滑利、清香、肥嫩,熬稀饭吃老少咸宜。待冬苋菜稀饭煮好,放一小勺炼猪油润肠;一小勺精盐调味,尤其适合大鱼大肉后或久病初愈之人康复调养食用。

  我最喜欢的就是冬苋菜煮豆腐汤。

  先在汤中放老姜、精盐、化猪油、手磨豆腐块,将豆腐汤煮开,放冬苋菜梗;煮三、五分钟后,再放冬苋菜的叶子,煮开后放上火葱苗儿切的小葱花儿,淋上少许小磨麻油,即可上桌食用。滑溜爽口。清香宜人。老少咸宜。品尝这款简简单单的具有上古遗风的汤菜,令我想到古往今来那些品行上一清二白的人们。


http://bj.sina.com.cn/art/20030124/31383.shtml

Wednesday, October 10, 2007

中國富豪數目僅次美國

中國富豪數目僅次美國[16:46]

路透社引述胡潤百富榜稱,中國億萬富豪人數全球第二,僅次於美國。

胡潤百富榜(Rupert Hoogewerf)周三稱,中國今年前75位上榜企業家的財富均突破100億元人民幣,而前13位企業家身價均在300億元以上,今年上榜企業家的平均財富為42億元,比去年增加了100%,其中前50位上榜企業家的平均財富則比去年增長200%。

百富榜的首富是碧桂園的楊惠妍,第二位是玖龍紙業的張茵。中國出現106位資產超過十億美元的富翁,這個人數全球第二,僅次於美國。

Sunday, October 07, 2007

人工生命幾周內誕生

人工生命幾周內誕生
化學物製成染色體

【明報專訊】生物工程取得重大突破!英國《衛報》周六頭條報道,美國基因學家文特爾(Craig Venter)已成功利用化學物質製成合成染色體,可望幾周內製造出人工生物,有關消息最快於明天公布。這項發展意味人類在製造人工生物上邁出一大步,但預料同時會激起爭議。

文特爾研究所位於美國馬里蘭州,看上去跟學校實驗室無異,但內裏卻進行震驚世界的研究。實驗室放多個培養器皿,若一切順利的話,將會鋪滿白色的細點,每一點包含1000萬個細菌細胞,它們都是科學家製造出來的人工生命。

文特爾的團隊由20名頂尖科學家組成,並由諾貝爾獎得主史密斯(Hamiton Smith)帶領。團隊在實驗室內混合化學物質,聯結成一個有381個基因、包含58萬對基因組的染色體。染色體內含基因及蛋白質,是生命機能運作的基礎。

基因序列以細菌為藍本

今次人造染色體的基因序列,是以細菌細胞生殖支原體(Mycoplasma genitalium)為藍本。這種細菌是人類所知最微小的生物。它們生活在人類的生殖器官和肺部,其基因數量是已知生物中最少的。人類細胞有8萬到14萬個基因,這些菌種只有480個基因。團隊剔除了當中五分一基因,令它只剩下能支持生命的基本元素。重組後的全新合成染色體被稱為Mycoplasma laboratorium。

合成染色體然後被植入一個活細菌細胞中,最終會控制該細胞,亦即實際上將該細胞轉成全新的生命體。文特爾的團隊過去已成功將一個細菌的基因組植入另一個細菌細胞空殼,改變了後者的物種。文特爾曾表示,他「百分百肯定」同樣的技術能應用到人造染色體上去。至於新生命模式能否持續,就要視乎能否自我複製及繁殖。

勢掀道德爭議

文特爾將最快周一在研究所年度會議上公布這項重大突破。今次在實驗室由死物製成染色體,是設計基因發展一大步,被視為生物工程前所未有的成就。雖然人造新物種肯定會激起倫理道德爭議,但文特爾認為,此突破將有助開發新能源及打擊溫室效應(見配稿)。他向《衛報》表示,這個里程碑是「物種史上非常重要的一步。我們不再只是讀取基因密碼,而是逐步走向編寫基因密碼。這理論上會賦予我們能力,做出諸多超乎想像的事。」

衛報





可製生化武器 禍福難料

【明報專訊】科學家表示,製成人工生命的技術可作實際或商業用途,例如製造特別細菌來清除有毒物質或溫室氣體,或把水分解成氫氣和氧氣作為燃料。不過,有科學家擔心此舉會後患無窮。

文特爾實驗前已研究過人工生命箇中的倫理問題,倫理委員會雖然不反對合成生物的研究,但同時警告科學家有必要為新物種一旦離開實驗室後造成的影響負上全責。

今年6月時,文特爾將合成細菌技術申請專利,並透露離製造出首隻人工微生物已經 「很接近」,引起爭議。論者認為文特爾試圖壟斷這一危險的生物科技技術,後果可能十分嚴重。

盼開發另類能源 對付溫室效應

加拿大生物倫理組織ETC主任穆尼認為,文特爾正對社會構成威脅,社會必須正視並討論,「政府及社會遠遠落後,(文特爾的研究)正好敲響警鐘,我們有必要問:試管製造新的生命形式意味什麼?」他認為,文特爾正開拓了一個有無窮可能性的領域:「那可以製成新藥,對人類作出貢獻;但亦可用來製成化學武器,威脅人類。」

文特爾則指出,只要好好監管,設計基因的正面潛力十分巨大。長遠來說,他希望藉此開發出另類能源,並對付溫室效應,例如人類可製造專門吸收二氧化碳的細菌,協助解決全球暖化問題,又或用糖製造出如丁烷及丙烷等燃料。

他說:「我們並不懼怕承擔重任,不會因爭議而退縮。我們正思考偉大的想法,為生命創造新的價值系統。當規模是如此大時,你不能期待人人都滿意。」

衛報/英國每日電訊報/法新社




港學者﹕夢想成真

【明報專訊】中文大學生物化學系副教授陳竟明接受本報訪問時表示,文特爾今次成功製造出人工染色體,可說是科學家多年的夢想成真,但人類是否已成功製造人工生命則言之尚早。儘管文特爾成功製造出人工DNA,但仍然要看看DNA植入細胞後能否運作。

陳竟明解釋,今次文特爾之所以採用細菌細胞生殖支原體,因該細胞較易生長,體積亦較小,基因數目亦較少。再者,這細胞沒有細胞壁,要植入基因亦較易。

他指出,文特爾今次用化學物質製造染色體是重大突破,過去科學家雖設想可人工合成DNA,卻一直無法取得成功。他表示,人工合成DNA過程很複雜,科學家首先要將基因逐段逐段合成,然後再連接起來,文特爾採用什麼技術做到這些,相信會是焦點。但他強調:「這雖是一項突破,但人工生命是否已經成真,則要看看DNA植入細胞後能否運作。」

對於文特爾認為,人工生命可應用到開發新能源,陳竟明質疑:「使唔使玩到咁大?」他指出,科學家改造基因來改變細菌新陳代謝,以提取所需的質粒,目前已可做到,所以他懷疑是否一定要製造新生命來達到此目的。

「影響力比複製羊更大」

他說:「人工生命的影響比複製羊更大,亦必然引發爭議」,因科學家過往只是改變生命,文特爾今次進一步製造新物種,必然會產生有關人類能否創造生命的爭議。他亦批評,文特爾將技術申請專利,有流於商業化之弊。

中大生化系客席教授曹宏威博士亦指出,人工生命的出現,意味人類在基因技術上多了一項工具,但對人類在概念上的衝擊則遠為巨大,對宗教尤其造成嚴峻挑戰:「倘若人可以完全製造生命的話,神便可說是毫無角色可言。」

明報記者 林康琪






「我只是創造新生命形式」
被轟科學界叛徒

【明報專訊】文特爾在科學界一向備受爭議,被指是叛徒、異見人士、門外漢及玩弄上帝者等。對於製造人工生物,文特爾解釋說﹕「這不像做蛋糕,將所有材料混合放入焗爐即可產生新生命。我們不是製造生命,而是從現存的生命中創造新生命形式。」

年青時的文特爾是個浪子,最愛滑浪。70年代,他到越南服役,成為前線軍人。越戰後,他開始修讀醫學及生物化學。他的首項研究是探討腎上腺素怎樣影響細胞,由此開始深入研究生命的建構。

「他野心大如希特勒」

文特爾曾參與為期15年、耗資50億美元的人類基因研究計劃,但因自稱可用更少人力物力及時間取得佳績而惹怒同僚,因此他由一名寂寂無名的研究員變成家喻戶曉的「自大狂」。「基因之父」沃森曾批評他渴望「擁有人類基因組的野心,就好像希特勒想征服世界一樣」。

文特爾早年計劃探索基因排列奧秘,但資助研究的基金會當時拒絕他的申請。1995年,他首度提出研究嗜血桿菌基因排列,但美國國家衛生研究院當時指計劃不可行因而拒絕資助。文特爾強調,他做基因研究並非為錢,「我只想擁有金錢,讓我可以自由地做研究」。他解釋說,若真的為了賺錢,他的研究將完全不同,他現在可能已是億萬富翁。

文特爾下個計劃是破解1萬人的基因圖譜,建立更大的基因資料庫,以解開最根本的生命奧秘。另外,他還計劃破解所有海洋生命的基因奧秘,他曾於馬尾藻海發現另類微生物,希望可藉此發展新能源。

衛報





人工生命製造過程

【明報專訊】1.科學家在實驗室製成化學物,造出一個381個基因長、由58萬對基因組組成的染色體

2.該染色體的基因排列是以細菌Mycoplasma genitalium為藍本,但科學家剔走五分一基因,讓它只剩下能支持生命的基本元素

3.科學家將這前所未見的新染色體注入一個活細菌細胞中,讓染色體控制該細胞,成為一種新生命體

4.新生命體將自我複製及繁殖

Saturday, October 06, 2007

環保發光石

【明報專訊】廣東雲浮一退休工程師朱洪新發明「蓄能發光石」,昨日獲頒國家專利證明。該種新石材由大理石與合成樹脂、蓄能發光顏料等合成,可在白天吸收光源儲能,黑暗中會自動發出各色光輝,發光時間在12小時以上,可使用20餘年,符合環保標準。

(中新社)

Friday, October 05, 2007

"最后的和弦" "电影"

http://www.google.com/search?source=ig&hl=en&q=%22%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%A6%22+%22%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%22

"最后的和弦" "电影"

Tuesday, October 02, 2007

中國留學生乏挑戰精神

中國留學生乏挑戰精神[11:11]

「美國之音」引述多位外國教授的觀察指出,中國留學生普遍缺乏挑戰精神。

法國國立高等技術學院院長迪克斯隆指出,現在中國留學生人數佔這所大學留學生總數百分之二十,與法國其他高等院校相比,這個比例並不算高。

瑞典皇家工學院院長弗羅德施特洛姆說,皇家工學院內共有三百名中國碩士、一百名中國博士和十位中國教授。他開玩笑地說,這所大學快成中國大學了。

談到對中國留學生的印象,歐洲和大洋洲的大學校長和教授使用頻率最高的形容詞就是「勤奮」,但同時也指出,中國留學生比較缺乏挑戰精神。

瑞典皇家工學院特烏特教授說,中國留學生的勤奮精神給他留下深刻印象,但美中不足的是,中國留學生更願意單獨學習,而不太適應小組討論等形式的集體學習。

德國柏林自由大學的邁卡欽教授指出,中國留學生不但勤奮,而且聰明、禮貌,但他們似乎對教授、對權威有一種莫名其妙的崇拜感,而這對培養創新思維是不利的。

他說,中國留學生崇拜權威可能與中國傳統的教育體制有關,為了消除他們這種意識,教授們努力讓他們認識到,權威所講的話並一定都是對的,鼓勵他們用理性的態度挑戰權威。

有專家認為,要打消中國留學生對權威的崇拜,培養勇於挑戰的精神,首先要從培養獨立的人格做起,只有具備獨立思考能力的人才敢於懷疑、勇於挑戰。

当饶毅碰到贾宝玉:饶毅的研究生教育理念在中国未必行的通

发信人: gsish (睡歇), 信区: Biology
标 题: 当饶毅碰到贾宝玉:饶毅的研究生教育理念在中国未必行的通
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Mon Oct 1 05:41:32 2007)

看大家议论饶毅上任,一片赞扬声,偏唱个反调

ranidy贴了中科院研究生院贾宝余2006年采访饶毅(我故意把“贾宝余”写成“贾宝玉
”,谁让他爹妈给他取这名字,欲知理由如何,且看下文分解)

饶毅关于研究生教育的理念,我赞成一些,特别是他对研究生的态度:

学生不是为老师做研究,而是和老师做研究
鼓励学生,不能笑话学生
让学生决定课题
和学生交流
学生和老师精神匹配
就是他说“如果你觉得探索起来很烦躁,也许做科研并不特别适合你”,也接受

但是,饶毅不懂国情

小事一桩:国内研究生已经可以申请几个学校,饶毅显然还不知道,说要让学校竞争研
究生。都过去时了。

大事一个:他说“你要对不踏实的事情喜欢才行。要发掘有趣的东西,要把做科研作为一
个探索才有意思,因为最有趣的科学是一个探索性的过程,而不是完成一个简单任务。
如果一个人很喜欢完成任务,也许他不适合做科学研究。”

这是说做科研不要关心能不能完成任务,
自觉的学生,成

可是,碰到不自觉的学生怎么办?

不自觉的学生多着,历史上的贾宝玉,就是一个。宝玉不肯用功,他爹打死他,躲贾母
那去了

现在也有很多学生入错了门,不完成任务,那他们做什么?

所以,饶毅的理想是好的,自觉的学生,境界高的学生,照他的理想,可以如鱼得水

但是这是不现实的:不自觉的贾宝玉们怎么办?
难道说,不自觉的都该转行?学了多年的专业,转行有那么容易吗?

蒲幕民信透出的鞭子哲学,理念难听,高举起来,对贾宝玉管用,让他也毕个业,不至
于生活没着落,出家做和尚

最好是饶和蒲,结合起来,(一个做爹,一个做妈,也成)
好孩子,享受饶的哲学,
一般的孩子,用蒲哲学,可以有饭吃
一般的孩子,如果错误地估计自己,以为晃晃荡荡可以做饶毅,王晓东,那可是误人子弟
好孩子,谁给亮出鞭子来,也不对。国内随便骂学生的人也很多。饶毅对国内强调他的
哲学,是对这些人的反动,不过矫枉过正。


发信人: ranidy (ranidy), 信区: Biology
标 题: [举一反三](2)美国西北大学教授饶毅谈研究生教育
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sun Sep 30 17:07:38 2007)

中科院研究生院 作者:贾宝余

通过免费的网络交流软件Skype,笔者5月18日晚上7点和地处美国芝加哥的著名旅
美生物学家饶毅教授成功连线,就研究生教育进行了2个小时的访谈。

饶毅二十多年前留学美国旧金山加州大学,迄今在美国做了十多年的研究生导师。
目前任西北大学医学院神经科教授、西北大学神经科学研究所副所长。他是美国的《神
经科学杂志》等多个国际、国内科学期刊的编委。是担任国际杂志编委最多的华裔科学
家之一。近十年来,饶毅参与了国内科技体制改革的讨论和实践,协助推动中国科学院
神经研究所、北京生命科学研究所等新的研究机构的建立。他还主持和参与了许多国内
和香港的研究生课程,其中最有影响的是“分子生物学和细胞生物学”研究生课程。饶
毅参与的中国改革有一个特点:每项具体事,无论是设立课程、建立研究所或实验室、
还是学术会议,不仅做成功,而且延续多年。

去年1月14日,《细胞》杂志刊登了饶毅和他在中科院神经所的博士生蒋辉等三位
研究生有关神经细胞极性原理的论文。这是25年来国内的研究工作首次在《细胞》发表。

“为了这篇文章,我们之间发了一千多次E-mail,”谈及此事,饶毅说,他提倡每
个人在力所能及情况下尽量为中国做一点实际的事情,指导学生便是他实际行动中的一
个部分。

在成绩背后,饶毅对研究生教育,有着深入思考。访谈中,饶毅谈到了研究生招生
、课程、师生关系、科研能力培养、博士生教育改革、国内研究生教育的优势等热点问
题。


招生的关键是建立竞争机制


核心启示一:研究生招生改革的关键是要建立竞争机制。国内各个学校(单位)之间
害怕竞争,这完全是多余的,因为国内多年面临海外学校的竞争,阻止国内竞争不过是
有利于海外学校。

记者:招考方式方面,目前国内硕士生推行全国统考(统一科目、统一时间、统一
分数线),考生一次只能报考一个研究生培养机构;博士生目前是各个培养单位单独考
试。您认为,研究生招生改革的趋势是什么?

饶毅:我觉得招生关键是要建立竞争机制。要允许研究生报考多个学校(培养单位)
,使得各个学校(单位)关心怎么样才能招到优秀的研究生,在学校(单位)之间形成竞争
机制。现在这些学生都可以申请多个海外学校,为什么在国内只能一次报考一个学校(
或者研究所)?这等于,海外多个研究机构可以竞争一个中国学生,而在国内,只能是
一个单位竞争学生,这等于是我们自己害自己,使得学校没有竞争的压力和提高培养质
量的动力。我们不让竞争是怕国内各个研究机构之间竞争,这已经是个假像了,因为我
们已经和海外竞争了,还怕和国内竞争?应该开放中国多个研究机构,让学生来选择这
些研究机构。

记者:统一考试操作上可能比较简便,但如果实行自主招生,操作上难度大一些。

饶毅:用不着统一管理,各个学校自己管理。你就让各个学校自己招生,过几年审
这些研究机构,它就不会乱搞。

记者:比如,凭关系招收低于原来统一标准的学生。

饶毅:如果哪个研究机构、哪个导师这样做,那就是自讨苦吃。一个导师如果招不
合格的人,对他就是一个很大的负担。我打个比方,他认为自己可以收容难民,他把自
己的实验室变成难民营,那过几年他自己就会变成难民,因为别人不给他经费。教育部
和管理机构每过一段时间审核研究生录取,他如果不合格率太高了,或有很糟糕的招生
舞弊现象,这就可以惩罚这个导师或单位。导师、学生为非作歹不是完全能避免,但你
要想,如果后面有检查制度,他们就会有压力。


“越洋教师团”的幕后故事


核心启示二:要请那些用中文讲生物课讲得最好的人来讲这门研究生基础课;给研
究生授课不仅要讲授最基本的知识、讲授最前沿的东西,还要要营造创造性环境。

记者:2002年6月13日,国际权威学术期刊《自然》报道中科院上海生科院请来“
越洋教师团”,开设了一流研究生课程,并评论说:这是“将世界水平研究生教育带入
中国的教育项目”。2004年的夏天,中科院开设了夏季学期,上述的教育项目在全院范
围内得以开展,有大批的一流科学家来中国为研究生授课。从研究生教育改革的视角,
您认为上述做法的意义是什么?下一步将向什么方向拓展?

饶毅:从2000年秋开始,在中国科学院的支持下,我在中科院上海生科院面向生命
科学领域一年级研究生开设了《分子生物学与细胞生物学》课程。这是一门必修课,不
是选修课,是讲课,不是讲座。

当时,我和吴家睿是组织者,我的原则是,要请那些用中文讲生物课讲得最好的人
来讲这门研究生基础课;给研究生授课不仅要讲授最基本的知识,要讲最前沿的东西,
还要求他们讲课的时候要营造创造性环境,让学生讨论未知的东西,让学生有批判性的
态度,让他们学会思考。要让研究生知道,不管是看Nature上的文章,还是Science上
的文章,都不是单纯的学习,而是要发现:这些文章有什么对的、有什么错的,有什么
东西提示我们。许多学生初期读文献,只读老师布置的一篇文章,常常不能深刻理解其
背景、和同领域其它研究的比较。我们建议上课学生要倒回去,读以前的相关文章,读
相关的文章。连续读好几年以后,你就会扎实很多。

有一段时间,我们是开卷考试。课堂上让研究生带着问题去想,过一段时间后再交
,这样他们就会去思考,就不受课堂的限制。如果课堂上有现成答案,抄就完了嘛。几
年以后,上海生科院学过这些课的学生,会批评性地读文章,探索性地想问题。

当初有些老师是反对这种做法的。我也承认,并不是所有的学生在这个教课的基础
上都会提高很多,但是,只要有20%、30%,甚至是10%的学生,他获得了和以前教课不
一样的结果,那么,他不仅能带动其他学生,还可以促进整个风气的改变。这10—30%
的学生,对科学的品味就会不一样。所以,要鼓励能教好课的老师更多地参与教课。

我们每年看学生的反馈,那个老师好、那个老师不好,学生反映太差的老师就换掉
,还有一些老师,我觉得他教课还行,但并没教好,我就跟他们打电话,我说今年学生
反馈不好,有什么问题明年要注意改进。这是上海生科院那几个生物学研究所的做法。
2003年以后,是Hopkins大学的利民教授主持,并把这门课同时开到了北京大学和清华
大学。今年由耶鲁大学的钟伟民教授来组织。

如果保持现有体制,(研究生院)的老师主要要负责这些课的组织,各个学科要多请
院内外的一流教授,甚至国内外的优秀研究人员来教。此外,要强调教课不是讲座,因
为讲座是讲自己的研究前沿,教课是探索整个学科的基础和前沿。


要鼓励研究生的创新性想法


核心启示三:老师要鼓励研究生的创新性想法,千万不能笑话学生,因为导师自己
也是从学生时代开始的,你要看到学生的长处,让他发挥。

记者:现在国内的研究生教育更多的是统一标准的教育模式,比如大班授课,统一
考评等。您对此有什么看法?

饶毅:我觉得研究生教育是直接引入研究前沿的个体化教育。我认为做到这一点有
两个前提:一方面,老师要发现学生的不同,另一方面,学生要发现自己的特点。人的
能力都有强有弱。老师要在前两年发现学生能力的强弱所在,弱的是不是能改,有些人
弱的能改,有些人弱的改不掉。改得掉的要让他适应这个改变,改不掉的要使他认识到
这一点,用他的强项,做他能做的事。

记者:能否谈谈具体的案例?

饶毅:我原来有过两个学生,其中一个学生很有雄心壮志,是个很刻苦的人;另外
一个学生技术上很行,做得也很扎实,但是他雄心壮志不够。我后来意识到这情况以后
,就让他们一起合作。他们两个人性格正好匹配的时候,工作做得很好。

我还有一个白人学生,他很聪明,思想也很好,很会玩各种仪器。在做实验的时候
,他喜欢用新的仪器,那就得花钱。他想做现代成像,我们实验室原来做得很少,一般
的显微镜我们还可以,但是高级的成像不是我们的长项。我在观察他是否有能力把新的
仪器、新的技术、新的东西在实验室建立起来以后,在我自己不会的情况下,买了仪器
让他去做。后来,他就帮我们实验室建立起了分子成像技术,用现代成像技术看活细胞
里面的分子活性,这是当时世界上很新的一种技术。这就是说,看到这个学生有这个能
力,我就愿意冒险,花必要的经费。这个险也是值得冒的。这个学生最后获得了哲学和
医学的双博士学位。

还有一个例子是,你可能知道,我在中科院神经所的学生蒋辉。最初上课、听讲座
的时候,他就很聪明。他和我一起做研究初期,我们做神经纤维的导向,我们经常讨论
,前期的时候我说得多些。中间的时候,我发现他经常有新思想,他提出一个想法,说
我们要做极性,这是一个新的东西。我说,我们现在可能还做不成,他继续做原来的东
西。后来他又提出来做极性,这也有具体的途径。我判断我们做这项新题目的可能,一
起讨论,互动,他得到了一些有趣的结果,就是你所知道的他的那篇《细胞》杂志论文
。在这个过程中,有些东西是我想到的,而有些东西是他想到的,所以不是单纯我教他
,而是在讨论和研究过程中取得进展。

上述几个例子说明,老师要因人而异,要鼓励研究生的创新性想法,千万不能压抑
或者笑话学生,因为导师自己也是从学生时代开始的,你要看到学生的长处,让他发挥
。学生刚开始时的想法,落实到研究中往往有一段距离。导师不要去阻止学生的这些创
造性想法,而要结合学生的特长,找到每个问题的解决方案。导师要和学生说,慢点,
这个问题我也没有答案,要我们一起分头想,然后我们再来讨论、探索。我觉得这是研
究生个体化教育的具体作法,这也符合创新型人才培养的规律。


学生“和”老师工作


核心启示四:学生和老师的关系应该是:学生“和”老师工作,而不是“为”老师
工作。科学前沿有很大的不确定性,如果老师和学生能经常互相的刺激,那我觉得是一
个非常好的气氛,在精神上是一个很高兴的过程。

记者:国内很多研究生对自己的导师,不叫老师,而叫“老板”。您对此怎么看?

饶毅:他们这样一叫,我就经常更正他们:我不做你们的“老板”,我不是“老板
”。我觉得,学生和老师的关系应该是:学生“和”老师工作,而不是“为”老师工作
。一般学生在前期需要多从老师那里得到一些辅导,但我不认为这是雇用。学生是为自
己工作。我对每一个学生,和实验室每一个做实验的人,不管在美国还是在中国,每次
都和他们说:你是做实验的人,最后做什么由你来决定。你跟我讨论,但是决定权在你
不在我。有一些人很不习惯我这样做,最后问我应该做什么实验。我说应该是你来决定
而不是我来决定,你想做什么我们都能讨论,但最后决定权在你。这样的话,在科学上
就是一个平等的合作的关系,而且决定权在做实验的人,不管他是学生还是实验员。比
如,有一个大学生叫吴伟,他到我实验室,他开始是做技术性工作,但他不是做辅助性
工作,99年他以第一作者在《自然》发表过论文。

有些老师觉得我这样很奇怪,觉得让学生、甚至技术员决定课题,怎么可能?怎么
不是学生听老师的话?这可能我们是对学生的预期不同。学生最后做得比我更行、更好
,我高兴还来不及。我和学生相互交往的过程中,我可以得到提高。所以我不觉得这样
很愚蠢,相反我喜欢这样。科学前沿有很大的不确定性,如果老师和学生能经常互相的
刺激,那我觉得是一个非常好的气氛,在精神上是一个很高兴的过程。


师生:精神上实现匹配


核心启示五:要允许学生和老师之间的选择与转换,而这一过程遵循的原则,我觉
得就是大家在精神上实现匹配,不觉得我不跟你了或是我不要你了就是互相的惩罚。

记者:您曾说,各个培养研究生机构应该在研究生录取以后,要有规则使他们可以
继续选择和转换老师。目前,中科院酝酿研究生进校一年后再确定老师。那么,您认为
,继续选择和转换老师应该遵循什么原则?

饶毅:选择老师的问题是双方面的。一方面,学生不要觉得哪个老师强就一定对你
合适。因为如果老师和你的性格匹配不一样,这个老师再好,实验室成果再多,对你也
不合适。另一方面,对老师而言,这个学生跟你不匹配,不要觉得他样样都不行,要允
许他去别的地方,也许他跟另外一个老师就做得很好。比如说一个学生要去另外一个实
验室,那个实验室老师性格上和他适合,并愿意教他,那对这个学生就很好。

所以,我认为师生关系完全是一个匹配过程,这在一定程度和婚姻有点相似。这个
人和那个人结婚不好并不是和谁都不能结婚。老师和学生也是这样,要把心态放开了,
老师不要打击学生的信心,认为学生要求转换老师就是老师没面子。在实际的教育中,
要允许学生和老师之间的选择与转换,而这一过程遵循的原则,我觉得就是大家在精神
上实现匹配,不觉得我不跟你了或是我不要你了就是互相的惩罚。

记者:您目前在中科院上海生科院、自然科学史所和北京生命科学研究所指导着多
名研究生,您是怎样指导国内的研究生的?

饶毅:我在中国虽然有多个头衔,其实,每次都有重心。比如,现在,上海的学生
都到北京了,并不是分散各地。我提倡每个人在力所能及的方面都尽量为中国做一点实
际的事情。我觉得关键是要有这种精神,然后大家就会去找事情做。能做大事就做大事
,能做小事就做小事。一个学者,比如说,很少回中国去,他也可以和某一个教授、某
一个学生通过E-mail、skype经常讨论。我也是这样,比如蒋辉发文章,为了那篇文章
,我们间的E-mail有一千多次。我们忙起来每天都有好几个E-mail。像现在我用skype
,每周和学生谈话,有时连续几天早上、晚上都跟人谈话。


科研不是完成简单任务


核心启示六:要把做科研作为一个探索才有意思,因为最有趣的科学是一个探索性
的过程,而不是完成一个简单任务。如果一个人很喜欢完成任务,也许他不适合做科学
研究。

记者:谈谈您对研究生们的建议。

饶毅:我觉得最重要的一点,就是研究生如果选择科研,要想好你这一辈子要做什
么?这个事情是经常要想的。长远做什么和现在做什么要联系起来,从现在开始。同时
,不能依赖其他人。其他人都是辅助和劝告,而生活和事业中的关键,都在自己手上。

我觉得每个人要在做研究的时候动脑筋,然后不断认识自己到底合适做什么,认清
自己的强项、弱项。不要跟着别人,因为人的特长不一样。不要把科学看成最崇高的事
情,科学只是一个选择,如果对前沿真正有兴趣、愿意探索的话,选择科学研究比较合
适。如果你觉得探索起来很烦躁,也许做科研并不特别适合你。科学前沿的探索是一个
很不踏实的事,你要对不踏实的事情喜欢才行。要发掘有趣的东西,要把做科研作为一
个探索才有意思,因为最有趣的科学是一个探索性的过程,而不是完成一个简单任务。
如果一个人很喜欢完成任务,也许他不适合做科学研究。

另外,要多动脑筋,要注重思维的训练。你看,同一级的研究生过了几年以后会有
很大的差别,原因就是,这几年表面上看大家都一样,其实每个人做不同的事情。毕业
的时候,大家应该想到,不光看发了多少文章,还要看你以后能做多久。因为有些人文
章做得好,是他自己动了脑筋。有些人他动脑筋是有限的。我经常举一个例子:有些人
研究生时期出的文章多,是因为那个实验室文章很多,他一去的时候就能上手,做很多
东西,但是他到博士后、到自己有实验室以后,他自己就做不出来。为什么?我觉得常
常有这两个原因。一个是他当年当研究生的时候,自己动脑筋并不多,所以到后来就显
出了弱点,当时以为自己做了文章就不去动脑筋,跟着学长做就行了。第二,这个实验
室成果多的时候,学生常常缺少一个在黑暗中、在灰色环境下探索的过程。因为实验室
走得很快,一大堆东西马上要做,他就缺少独自探索的经历,没有练就探索的精神,没
有承受过挫折。这样在他做博士后,有自己的实验室之后,他可能就承受不了一些挫折。

所以,学生不仅要争取做出结果,更要培养勇于探索、承受挫折的精神和能力,没
有这个的话,后面就很难办。听说美国有个研究生三年级时,发了两篇《细胞》,然后
说我研究生时要发十篇《细胞》。这怎么可能?后来在博士后的时候,很少有文章,最
后他就不做研究了。他是因为原来所在的实验室东西很多,他也有能力,但没有经过探
索课题这一步,后来环境有所变化,他适应不了变化。发的文章太多有时反而对长远来
是个负作用。要有耐心,要接受真正好的科研训练,要真正有自己的想法。

记者:学术造假的事情近年来屡屡见诸报端,其中很多和研究生有关。你对此有何
见解?

饶毅:这是很重要的事,做科学的千万不能造假。科学研究要求所有的人诚实,造
假有两个坏处,第一,是对科学、对你自身的损害,如果你的成果是假的,那我和你讨
论、看你的文章都是浪费时间,这样不利于科学的进步。造假也是对造假者本人的伤害
,只要有一次造假,别人再也不会相信你,没有改正的机会。第二,使自己有可能遗漏
对科学的新发现。有些人造假,是因为实验结果不好,影响他发文章,他就把部分实验
结果藏起来了。意想不到的结果,千万不要藏起来,有些意想不到的结果没什么意义,
但有些结果却可能是科学上最重要的突破。你为了发文章把这些结果藏起来,实际上是
发了小文章把大事情耽误了。


不必牵强地拿博士学位


核心启示七:对科研兴趣不大的学生,自己很想要博士学位,但这个学位可能会害
他。要让不适合作科研的学生拿到硕士学位后就去择业,不要牵强地拿这个博士学位。

记者:对于博士生教育,您是否赞成大范围推行硕博连读?

饶毅:我觉得中国科学院现在已经开始这样做了,慢慢取消博士入学考试,大面积
推行硕博连读。硕士和博士不要分开来考,否则,硕士做不好,博士时间也太短,会成
为两个短平快。前面谈了,硕士学位就给那些读不下博士的人。学科之间可能有差别,
生命科学我觉得应该这样。上海生科院现在大部分都是这样,其他培养单位我觉得也能
做到。

记者:但连读5年甚至更长时间,研究生可能会觉得乏味,兴趣会减弱。

饶毅:如果他觉得不行了,他可以不再读。如果他兴趣改变但他能把课程坚持下来
,他可以获得硕士学位就毕业。

记者:推行硕博连读的过程中,您认为应该采取什么措施来保证博士生培养质量?

饶毅:我认为,关键是要开展制度方面的创新。对于研究生,不要强调在核心期刊
发表文章。应该让各个所的研究生委员会去决定某个研究生能不能毕业。研究生入学后
,这个委员会要跟踪学生,最后委员会进行投票,决定这个学生直接拿硕士学位毕业、
还是继续攻读博士学位。这样可以使有潜力的学生慢慢去探索更好、更重要的的东西,
最后他自然会做出创新性的成果;而对科研兴趣不大的学生,自己很可能想要这个博士
学位,但这个学位可能会害他,因为如果他没有博士学位,他可以选择更多的行业、领
域。对他来说,拿到博士学位其实缩小了他职业选择的范围。我建议,要让不适合作科
研的学生拿到硕士学位后就去择业,不要牵强地拿这个博士学位。


在国内读研究生


核心启示八:中国部分学科、地域和机构的研究生,他本身的素质和他现在做的研
究工作,要比美国好的大学还好。这个优秀学生的比例,在中国不高,但是存在,我相
信五年、十年以后,我们可以看到这一批学生里面更加杰出的人才。

记者:近日教育部公布,2005年来华外国留学生人数达到14万多人,首次超过当年
我国出国留学生人数。来华攻读学历学位的学生增长了41%,专业从文科、医科向经济
、法律、工科、教育拓展。与此同时,国家也在大力倡导创新型科技人才的开放式培养
。您对此怎么看?

饶毅: 95年我开始回国,99年以后和国内研究生接触更多。我切身体会到,现在
中国有一部分研究生的质量,要比美国好的大学研究生都要好。现在千万不要认为好的
学生都在美国,而中国学生不行。这不是事实。中国部分学科、地域和机构的研究生,
他本身的素质和他现在做的研究工作,要比美国好的大学还好。这个优秀学生的比例也
许不高,但是存在,我相信五年、十年以后,我们可以看到这一批学生里面产生杰出的
科学家。这批中国的研究生,将做出世界一流水平的成果,有些比同期他们去美国读学
位的同学作出要大的成绩。

目前国内有很多学生在准备出国,继续攻读博士。但我希望大学生和他们的家长们
,能认识到上述变化。出不出国,学生要仔细选择,而不是简单地认为出国就比留在国
内读研究生好。今后中国国内研究机构将培养出更多的世界一流的优秀研究生。

Monday, September 24, 2007

IBM x3650双路四核2G内存售21000

http://www.ccw.com.cn/server/cpdg/htm2007/20070814_301900.shtml

Sunday, September 09, 2007

南方科大選址南山桃源街

南方科大選址南山桃源街[16:45]

深圳南山區南方科大工作領導小組昨天成立,這標誌著南方科技大學的建設已進入了操作層面。

據深圳市徵地拆遷辦公室編制的「南方科大籌建區域房屋拆遷安置補償方案及費用報告」,南方科技大學選址南山桃源街道,位於西麗高爾夫用地以東、深圳二線公路以南、長嶺皮水庫以西、留仙大道以北,總佔地面積2.16平方公里,拆遷建築物1656棟,建築面積97萬平方米。拆遷涉及原住居民260戶533人,華僑約120戶。

南方科大籌建區涉及桃源街道辦的福光、田寮、長源3個舊村社區。另悉,深圳大學新校區毗鄰南方科大,拆遷安置計劃也涉及到3個舊村,南山區決定提前介入深圳大學新校區拆遷安置計劃。南方科大籌建區與深大新校區佔地約4平方公里。

按照計劃,福光、田寮兩村將被整體搬遷,長源村地處南方科大紅線範圍內的部分工業廠房也將被搬遷。據南山區南方科大工作領導小組相關負責人透露,為了使長源村享受到南方科大帶來的經濟社會效益,長源村的居民住宅也將納入改造計劃。

對於福光、田寮兩村村民的拆遷安置,南山區建議在兩村附近規劃一定紅線建新村安置村民,新村建設面積30萬平方米,市規劃部門對此建議正在進行評估。對於拆遷廠房,南山區考慮到集體股份公司及原村民的長遠經濟發展,正在評估兩個方案:一是工業廠房作價入股學校宿舍、商業等後勤設施,並享有收益權。二是整體搬遷、異地發展,在異地另劃工業用地。

據悉,今年底將完成部分拆遷工作,明年上半年開始校園建設。